Feasibility Report Essay

The company will sell custom-made cakes, cupcakes and coffee. The revenues from the business will come from the sale of decorated cakes and cupcakes, as well as coffee for customers who visit the shop. The business will raise revenue from service: cake decoration and creation of the centerpieces of many of the most remarkable occasions of the lives of clients. Service revenue will come from different customized cake designs, decoration and bake creations. The business will use many different designs as discussed by Graham (2007) and Wilson (2011). The major revenue source during the initial year will be service revenue, including drink, cakes, and cupcakes sales. The business includes walk-in service. It will have two ordering delivery channels; phone orders and via online ordering. In addition, parking bays will be provided at a fee. The projected revenue from parking bays will be $75000 per year. The revenue from the sale of cupcakes, cakes and drinks is projected to be $100000 yea rly. The revenue from custom-making service will be $50000 annually. Therefore, the total projected revenue will be $225000. Cost Drivers The business will consider the costs in order to stay in business (Marron, 2014); (Kidder, 2012 ). a) Upfront Costs Since the business is new, there will be several starting costs before  official opening. Upfront costs consist of the purchase of furniture and fittings (table, chairs, coffee machines, installation of EFTPOS (electronic funds transfer at point of sale) and computers, cutlery, and front decoration (Ilasco and Seto, 2012 ); (Spencer, 2010). Advertising expenses will consist of the advertising campaign in the initial year. The advertising drive will be geared towards increasing sales to cater for the other costs (Marquis, Demand Media, 2014). Materials for shop decoration will be used to attract new customers. The total cost will include the cost of employing an interior designer. In addition, the business will consider the bond for the rent. This is because the expense must be paid prior before the business is opened. There will be other upfront costs that will include the certificates and legislations required for the business opening (Department of Health, 2014). b) Fixed Costs Owing to the scenic area of Melbourne, the high cost of rent must be taken into account. Utilities like lighting, heating, telephone lines, internet router and air conditioning have to be considered before the official opening. The business will choose a cheap electricity supplier. There are many to choose from (Smart Utilities, 2014). For an attractive design of the display in the shop, an interior designer with experience will be sought once per year. The cost associated with this will be recorded as ‘expenses for design.’ Besides, the parking bays’ rental will be a yearly fixed cost paid to Melbourne City Council (Hamer, Currie and Young , 2011). The parking bays will be provided to increase revenue. The business will take legislations into consideration, because set annual fees will have to be paid to the relevant bodies to ensure business continuation. c) Variable Costs These are the expenses that will change with the output of the business. The main variable cost in the cake and cupcake shop is raw materials used in the production of cupcakes, coffee and cakes such as lollies, vegetables, fruits, flour, milk, coffee beans and chocolate (Leach and Melicher, 2014). The cost of vegetables and fruits will change depending on seasonal and weather changes. There will be other variable costs like package expenses: boxes, bags, staff wages and utilities. The workers in the shop will include 1 baker 1 decorator Junior casual staff Wages will be paid fortnightly. Additionally, the business will offer staff uniforms and training opportunities. There will be allowance of discount expenses owing to the high-inventory turnover and the need to supply fresh products. On special occasions, the business may have deals or offers that will reduce the unit profit. There will be other expenses like machinery maintenance, new fittings and insurance. These will be required as the business grows. Resource Requirements/Mapping Human Resource It will be very easy to get the key employees as it will only involve placing adverts on the street notice boards. There will be an added cost of interviews, as well as paying the Melbourne City Council (City of Melbourne, 2014). Physical Resource Property for lease is available in the area identified. Due to the scenery of the area, the cost of lease is high. However, the expected returns are high. The business premises will be gotten under a one-year lease. This will save the cost that may be incurred in paying monthly costs. Similarly, it will avoid the costs associated with monthly rent increases. Financial Resource The total startup cost is $130000. The business will raise $30000 and $100000 will be obtained from the bank as loan. Costs for maintenance will be catered for by the revenue from the business. Investment Size The business plans to raise $130000 to meet its startup cost. The funds will be used for: Developing the company’s cupcake and cakes store location Financing for the first year of operation Capital to buy baking equipment and ovens The company will contribute $30000 to the venture. The remaining $100000 will be financed by the bank as loan. Projected Startup Costs Initial Lease Payments and Deposits $20000 Working Capital $60000 Security Deposits $20000 Opening Supplies $10000 Company Vehicle and Lease Deposits $2000 Marketing Budget $10000 Miscellaneous and Unforeseen Costs $8000 Total Startup Costs $130000 References Aaron Marquis, Demand Media , 2014. The Average Profit Margin for a Cake Bakery. [Online] Available at: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/average-profit-margin-cake-bakery-14214.html [Accessed 11 05 2014]. Department of Health, V. A., 2014. Starting a food business. [Online] Available at: http://www.health.vic.gov.au/foodsafety/bus/foodbus.htm [Accessed 11 05 2014].  Graham, J., 2007. The Crabapple Bakery Cupcake Cookbook. Print ed. London: Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated. J. Leach, Ronald Melicher, 2014 . Entrepreneurial Finance. 5 ed. Stamford: Cengage Learning. Kidder, D., 2012 . The Startup Playbook: Secrets of the Fastest-Growing Startups from Their Founding Entrepreneurs. Illustrated ed. San Francisco : Chronicle Books. Marron, D., 2014. Cupcake Economics. [Online] Available at: http://dmarron.com/2009/11/28/cupcake-economics/ [Accessed 11 05 2014]. Meg Mateo Ilasco, Catherine Seto, 2012 . Mom, Inc.: The Essential Guide to Running a Successful Business Close to Home. Illustrated ed. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. Melbourne, C. o., 2014. Rates and valuations. [Online] Available at: https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/buildingandplanning/ratesandvaluations/Pages/RatesandValuations.aspx [Accessed 11 05 2014]. Paul Hamer, Graham Currie, William Young , 2011. Parking Price Policies – A review of the Melbourne congestion levy. Australasian Transport Research Forum 2011 Proceedings , 1(1), pp. 1-16. Spencer, P., 2010 . Start a Cupcake Business Today. London: InformationTree Press. StartupBizHub, 2014. Starting a Cake Business. [Online] Available at: http://www.startupbizhub.com/starting-a-cake-business.htm [Accessed 11 05 2014]. Utilities, S., 2014. Compare Electricity Rates in Victoria. [Online] Available at: http://www.smartutilities.com.au/electricity-comparison-victoria/ [Accessed 11 05 2014]. Wilson, D., 2011 . Baker’s Field Guide to Cupcakes. Unabridged, reprint ed. New York City: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Government Functions Essay

In the economic system of any country, the government is the authority governing the day to day transactions and dealings between individuals whether private or public. Other functions are enforcement of rules and regulations, overseeing the making and execution of contracts and setting of standards to be followed. To do this, resources are required hence collection of taxes. The functions aside, the government itself owns firms within the economy hence a player. The role played by the state/government has been under close support and criticism simultaneously. In some countries, the government’s role is welcome whilst in others it detested. The main object of government in both scenarios though is the allocation of scarce resources and creating an environment suitable for such resources to be exploited. This is achieved through ensuring that law and order is maintained. External costs incurred by businesses that are not factored in the business transactions are also taken into account by the government. This is in order to protect them from exploitation which may otherwise lead to bankruptcy and collapse. The government’s role shouldn’t be solely that of creation of a good environment for business via maintenance of law and order. Rather, it should go beyond this by being a key player in the economy. Law and order though facilitates stability as well as reduces corruption hence encouraging investment. Using the opportunity cost principle, the uses to which scarce resources can be put are many and the real costs are those which are forgone. These are incurred in cases where corruption is existent. Examples of such costs according to Sowell include delay in performance of certain economic activities given an unviable corrupt economic environment this results to non-development of basic infrastructure that would have been used to carry out the economic activity. In turn, planned investments do not occur hence existing output levels are not increased due to lack of expansion. The final results are normally unemployment accompanied by brain drain as the environment is similarly not viable to work in. Simply put, higher corruption levels are accompanied by low economic growths and low per capita incomes. Other effects of corruption are discrimination in the employment sector and profiling of workers. Contributing to slow economic growth are also long bureaucratic processes. All these contribute to driving away investors. Corruption doesn’t necessarily come in the form of direct bribes. It may also be in the form of nepotism and tribalism which is currently prevalent in most countries. The law being a set of rules and principles that are used in the day to day running of a country ought to have the following characteristics;- reliability; uniformity in application i. e. they must portray a sense of fairness and equality; rigidity i. e. they should not change from time to time. Rigidity brings about stability. Countries with laws that have these characteristics are prone to boost investor confidence as well as encouraging skilled labor to immigrate into the country in search of job opportunities. Such skilled labor may not have been available locally. This set of rules and principles should be impartial but discriminatory at the same time. The discriminatory aspect of some laws has at times proven to boost economic growth. However the statement holds only when the discriminating facet is known by the parties involved well in advance. If the discriminating nature of the law is known, the economic environment will be more stable as compared to where the justice system is discriminatory in interpretation and application of the law. The law may be discriminatory on the basis of aspects such as religion and race. However, if the economy grows, the growth will be felt across the board and not just by those for whom the law discriminates. Even though some laws have discriminatory aspects, they should not in any way allow for the exploitation of one by another nor allow for the interference of one’s activities by another with malicious intentions. A country’s economy is majorly dependent on the existence of a government. Nonetheless, this dependability also takes into consideration the government’s effectiveness in law enforcement. Geographically, some regions within the same country will have laws being more enforced than others. However, extra costs incurred by businesses in ensuring that goods and services reach the consumers are always transferred to the same consumers. This reduces demand due to high prices. Property Rights On property rights, focus should be placed not just on the owners of such but more so on the general effect the existence and exercise of such rights has on the economy. The exercise of property rights may result to economic effects which impact negatively on the populace as there maybe no single individual to blame. As a result, property rights should be closely monitored but even more emphasis ought to be placed on automatic self-monitoring by individuals as a solution. The mere fact that the property rights do exist creates a sense of self-monitoring on the individual which is more effective and less costly as compared to government monitoring. This self-productivity results to increased productivity and lower commodity prices as there is less wastage. However, negligence may also result on the part of the property owners and class stratification. However, given that property rights do have a greater economic efficiency, the general population will have higher living standards when the economic growth that results trickles down. However, restrictions such as setting of minimum standards and creation of Boards to oversee the use of certain property should be put in place. These will help prevent exploitation. Stringent laws need also be put into place by governments and respective authorities. In creation and application of restrictions to property rights, one has to have in mind that property rights do have intentions and effects. Economic incentives by the government do play a big role and such rights need to be looked at from the economic angle i. e. the incentives that are brought about by them. One should also ask what the effects of changing them or completely doing without them are. Social order is a function of existence of laws, government institutions to ensure the maintenance of law and order and acknowledgement of such by the citizens. The degree of social order differs from one country to another as well as from one individual to another. It is the existence or inexistence of a social order and its level that determines how business dealings are conducted between individuals. Social order should be upheld in all aspects of government. This may in turn extend to the rest of the community hence doing away with corruption thus bringing down transaction costs. If the social order is inexistent or at a low level, enterprises tend to be small scale. This translates to lower production and by the economies of scale, the end user experiences higher prices. A good social order thus attracts investment. The government can boost this by encouraging honesty within its administration, indirectly supporting or detesting cultures that are pro-honesty. The same can also be achieved via school curricula. Another factor that can either undermine or develop the social order are the nature of a country’s law. However, the market has a way of creating its own social order. External costs and benefits do exist in business and they occur outside the parties that are part to an actual transaction. These are however not accounted for in the market place and it is for this reason that the government has to come in to make decisions regarding external costs and benefits via legislation and regulations. Some benefits are indivisible. They are either a whole or nothing at all. To decide any aspect about them is thus better left to government. External costs on their part are felt either directly or indirectly by individuals. The individuals thus decide basing on how the external costs impact them and their activities. In countries with popularly elected governments, most of the decisions made by are not put into much economic consideration. Focus is actually mainly placed on making the people happy and not necessarily on economic improvement. Most of such decisions are political and not economically beneficial to the country. CHAPTER 18: GOVERNMENT FINANCE Like any other enterprise whether profit making or non-profit making, resources are needed to enable a business e a continuing venture. On the part of the government, its spending aspect if a factor of revenue collection. Revenue is raised via tax collection. How this tax is collected greatly affects how much will in effect be collected as it impacts on the citizen’s view on taxation policies. Any change in taxation policy by the government will automatically result in behavioral change by the tax payer in terms of expenditure and savings. This change is however in no scale predictable and may go at length to affect the performance of the economy at large. No rule can be said to be applied by government to predict this change. The net tax paid by an individual is a factor of the number of taxes that are applicable on a said person and their position economically. Value Added Tax (VAT) takes a bigger share from the poor than it does from the rich as spending on consumer goods makes up a greater percentage of the poor person’s budget whilst saving or re-investment makes up a greater percentage of the rich’s budget. However, tax paid by individuals is a mixture of both regressive and progressive taxes. However, the official legal indicator of incidence of tax does not necessarily show who bears the incidence of tax. Before a government makes decisions on whether or not to increase a particular tax, factors to be considered are how the tax is collected. This determines whether the tax is being felt by the individual or not. Increasing or decreasing the tax may thus not necessarily result to behavioral change by the consumer. One way through which government raises income is through sale of bonds. It is this level of sale of government bonds that determines the national debt. The impact the national debt will have on the economy is a dependent on what percentage it is of the country’s GDP. However, both GDP and national debt increase over time as a result of increased population size. The vice versa is also true. Sale of bonds is considered a future investment by the government and who bears the cost of the national debt is worth considering i. e. whether it is the government or the tax payer. To the government, accrued interest over time is one cost. This interest may affect investor confidence both in the short and long term. As bonds are sold and re-sold over time, their interest rate has to be increased lest they lose their value. This however lowers investor confidence in the long run. The rise in government interest rates may bring about a ripple effect increase on other interest rates as investors look for money with which to purchase the bonds. Influence of government may however make product prices independent of their costs despite the above ripple effect they may have at the same time. In an economy, there always are unmet needs which the government must satisfy. However resource distribution by government takes into account not the maximization of their use but rather merely re-distribution. It is this that explains why government may undertake projects that are not economically profitable or necessary as well as why some public utilities are offered at prices which are way below their actual market value or at no value at all. Spending by the government is mainly a factor of whether or not there is the need to spend whilst the principles behind such spending are outlined by the law. Through its expenditure, the government is able to influence the economy’s net purchasing power. Increased government spending implies more money will be in the economy thus leaving more at the hands of households for spending on other commodities other than those for which the government has already paid for. Costs as a result of government spending can either be to the government or the economy. It should be clear who is bearing the cost and the nature of the cost. As utility varies from individual to individual, the desire to purchase due to price disparity can thus be controlled via price controls or subsidies. The latter have however proven more fruitful than the former since subsidies transfer the total cost of an item to the entire population rather than letting a single individual to incur it. Here the cost is thus on the economy, not the government. From this, one can deduce that government finance comes in to bring a solution to the price-utility problem by creating an even bigger problem or rather shifting the cost from the government to the economy. The pattern of government expenditure is majorly a political function. Projects that prove politically building are more likely to be undertaken. Any government has got its obligations and current and future expenditure make up the government’s obligations regarding expenditure. Future obligations may seem not that costly until it reaches a point where they must be incurred. Their costs are accounted for but not incurred until the need arises. Incentives can be either political or economical. Incentives such as government pensions are majorly dependent on the size of the working and the retired population. A good balance enables pension payment. On the private side however, payment of insurance benefits is dependent on the currently existing subscribers to the insurance. CHAPTER 20: INTERNATIONAL TRADE Some have argued that in international trade, while one country gains, another loses. But both parties should be gaining in a way otherwise there wouldn’t be a reason to trade. A country may gain via for example economic growth. This has been the general effect of international trade. However, terms used in international trade such as trade deficit and surplus do not necessarily reflect a country’s economic wellness. To determine this, one has to look past the figures involved in international trade. A country may have quite a number of reasons why it should or should not engage itself in international trade. Reasons for however outweigh those against. Those for include absolute advantage, comparative advantage and economies of scale. In terms of absolute advantage, one country can produce particular commodities at prices cheaper than those of another or products of a higher quality. This may encourage it to pursue international trade. As for comparative advantage, the opportunity cost of one country A to produce a certain commodity at the expense of another is much lower than that of country B. Comparative advantage is thus all about efficiency of one country as compared to another. The costs forgone in producing a product should be lower and income generated from the production line opted for ought to be higher hence making them economically viable. The returns should also be in surplus enough for the country to purchase the commodity it forgo to produce. In terms of economies of scale, some ventures are viable only if there is enough market to consume the output. Such markets can be created through exports of commodities hence maximizing advantages brought about due to economies of scale or large scale production. Apart from enabling countries to achieve economies of scale, international trade also facilitates countries to fully utilize their comparative and absolute advantages. However, economies of scale have also resulted in the downfall of some infant industries where protectionist policies are inexistent. In as much as many countries may engage in international trade, some succeed whilst others do not. Reasons for the downfall of others may be the restrictions that exist in International Trade. These include emphasis that has been placed on efficiency of the production process. Another effect of such restrictions are collapse of domestic industries where protectionism does not exist. However international trade itself brings about government interference with trade due to policies such as protectionism while it may result to creation of monopolistic markets and unfair competition finally. Arguments for International Trade restrictions Different arguments have been put forward for international trade to have restrictions. The high wage fallacy argues that commodities produced by highly paid workers cannot compete with those produced by low paid ones. This does not hold since the argument does not distinguish between wage rates and labor costs and between labor costs and total costs. Wage rates may therefore be higher yet the total costs are lower due to economies of scale hence higher profits. Restrictions may also exist so as to save jobs domestically. However, just as free trade results to growth in the economies of all countries engaged simultaneously so do trade restrictions result to reduced economic growth or even reversed economic growth. Restricting trade thus does not result in increased employment. Rather, there will be less spending in the economy. The infant industry argument posits that local developing industries ought to be given time to grow to a level at which they can compete with other industries. However, survival of an industry is not a factor of its growth in terms of production and sales. Political muscle plays a key role in determining the fate of an industry. The National defense argument tries to explain why countries opt to have suppliers of things that are essential for their own national survival lest the external supplier turn enemy. Examples of such commodities are ammunition. Last on the list of reasons for protectionism is the dumping argument which is however restricted given the uncertainties of determining production costs. Here economies of scale may come into play and a supplier selling his/her commodities at lower prices abroad may actually be mistaken for dumping. These restrictions to trade may come in the form of tariffs which are taxes on imports and aim to raise their prices. The restrictions may also be in the form of import quotas which bring about uneven competition beside achieving the same objective of raising import prices. CHAPTER 21: INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS OF WEALTH International wealth transfers may take the forms of either direct or indirect foreign investments or remittances from citizens whose domicile is abroad. Rich countries always tend to invest in fellow rich counties due to fear of not getting a return on their investment if done in a poor country. Political and economic stability, corruption levels, level of honesty amongst the country’s populace as well as movement of capital within a said country’s economy are factors affecting the decision of whether to or not to invest. International trade takes into account only goods exchanged between countries leaving behind service output. It is for this that International trade has to be at a balance despite the fact that measures used in international trade may not be true reflectors of the trade. An economy that has concentrated in service production rather than goods will tend to export more services and import more commodities. The decision of whether a trade deficit is harmful or not is best done by comparing the deficit with the performance of the whole economy. As a result, the Balance of Payment measure is a better reflector of international trade than the Balance of Payments. Economic transactions are not zero-sum activities where only the buyer and the seller gain, rather it is a wealth creator to both the parties directly involved and to the â€Å"spectators. † Immigration and emigration which are key factors in international trade result to knowledge transfer, new ideas and businesses being created, job creation amongst others. However, on the dark side of the same are diseases, brain drain, increase in crime, collapsing economies and terrorism. Imperialism which implies the domination and exploitation of one country by another is also a means of wealth transfer. However, international investments have been argued to be equal to imperial looting as the subject country loses more than it gains. This explains the class strata of first, second and third world countries. Ceteris paribus, imperialism is more of a moral than an economic argument. Foreign aid, which entails wealth transfer from richer to poorer countries or from one government to another, may or may not be used for intended purposes. The use of foreign aid in government investments has more often than not resulted to mismanagement due to corruption. Some foreign aid comes with strings attached in the form of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs). Such aid has proven to deter rather than encourage development. World over, the inexistence of a body to oversee the giving of aid to poorer countries has resulted to exploitation of the recipient. Aid may be in the form of cash grants or goods and services to the recipient country. However, the under-utilization of most of the resources in the recipient country is what leads it to have a need for foreign aid. CHAPTER 23: MYTHS ABOUT MARKETS The name â€Å"market† in itself is a myth as a market is viewed as a thing rather than the people in the market themselves who are engaging in business activity. This has led to rigidity of the market. In a market, variation of prices from one seller to another is always notable. This, economists would say defy the laws of supply and demand but in actual sense they do not. Rather, supply and demand should be looked at from the point of view of different consumers. Each consumer will have a different of demand and supply curve intersections due to utility. Prices in the market ought to be ‘affordable’ and ‘reasonable’ is a notion that is not realistic. It implies that prices should be independent of the market forces of demand and supply as well as production cost but should instead favor the purchasing power of the consumer. The third myth about markets is that some firms may tend to sell their products at below normal prices so as to drive away competition. This myth has not been proven though hence is not that realistic. Fourth is the issue of branding. Despite its advantages of making suppliers and manufacturers to emphasize on quality, the products being sold are more or less the same. What will actually be different is the pricing products or services with brand names that are widely known will definitely cost or charge more. A business, no matter how small is linked to the economy as a whole. Te role different enterprises play in the economy is a factor of whether they are classified as profit and loss or as non-profit making enterprises. However, there exist differences between the two in that profit and loss organizations will always tend to emphasize on quality in order to maximize profits whilst in non-profit making organizations, the customers themselves will not be in a position to emphasize on quality since they are already paying far less than the true value of the commodity or service they are getting. It is the nature of the organization that finally determines what name will be given to the extra amounts remaining after costs as well as how it will be used. In some its called profit whilst in others it is revenue. The ‘Trickle down theory|; is more of a political than an economic theory. The theory posits that those opposed to equality in resource distribution tend to believe that resources should be bestowed on the rich so that it may in effect trickle down to the rest of the populace. The theory is a myth since economically one has to spend first so as to make an income. This spending comes in the form of say purchase of goods and services for sale as well as payments made for their delivery. The economic reality is thus exactly the opposite of the ‘Trickle Down effect. † CHAPTER 24: NON-ECONOMIC VALUES Economics is not a value in itself. Rather it compares values. The market on its part is a reflector of the people’s attitudes and actions as well as beliefs. The issue of the market with respect to moral and social values arises when the market is looked at from the angle of the impact it has on such issues. The society’s moral standards will determine how transactions are conducted in the market. Non-economic values in the market tend to introduce morality into business by defining words such as greed alongside maximization of profit for example and others. These non-economic values however put aside economic concepts like the laws of demand and supply that are used in price determination. These non-economic values are also one-sided since they tend to lean on the consumer’s side mostly whilst forgoing the seller’s side. However, greed cannot be termed to be a product of any particular economic system. Rather it is an intricate trait in all humans and which all have to cope with. The difference however comes with regard to how this greed manifests itself in the different economic systems and how it is controlled. The term greed is however neither adequate or fair in explaining the desire of the seller to make as much profit as possible out of the buyer nor the wish of the buyer to purchase the product with the highest quality at the lowest price. Greed is thus a two way concept which only looks at who is on the gaining end. Exploitation is another term that crops up whenever non-market values are mentioned. It can simply be said to be that which is beyond the acceptable as per the society’s moral standards. Exploitation is thus based on emotion and not the facts existing on the real world. The disparity between greed and exploitation comes in that whilst the former occurs in almost all types of economic systems, exploitation mostly occurs in monopolistic markets where no free competition exists and the buyer has no wide choice of commodities given the factor of the sole supplier. To regulate the above, the government may put in place regulations such as trade barriers, tariffs and quotas as well as value added tax or corporate taxes. Taxation by the government may however be considered as both greed and exploitation. Greed since even the poorest of persons in the economy pays taxes whether in the form of VAT or income tax and exploitation as the government enjoys a monopoly of taxing the people yet one may argue that the quality of services is not guaranteed. The market however takes into consideration many factors before pricing decisions are made. At times the employer for instance may be at the receiving end when the employee has a greater bargaining power or where the demand for services he/she can render is higher than what the market can supply. Here, both greed and exploitation come into play. In as much as governments try to control or maintain at a low the levels of exploitation and greed, the measures put in place might actually serve to make even worse the life of the consumers in cases where exploitation and greed did not exist before. The principle of fairness when looked at from the non-market values point of view carries with it two assumptions. First is that all individuals are playing by the same rules and secondly that all players have the same potential. However, these two may not hold as different individuals have different desires, priorities and thus derive different levels of utility from the same activity, commodity or service. Fairness doe not have a specific definition hence it is majorly those in power who are left to define what is and what is not fair. However, vested interests may underlie the making of such decision. Some groups may also be completely ignored in deciding what fairness is. Economics being majorly concerned with the distribution of resources and values tends to critic â€Å"unmet needs† of the society. Here, the decision of whether a government should carry out a project or not is a function of what has to be sacrificed in order to satisfy the unmet need. However, the existence or identification of an unmet need is not a justification of it to be met. CHAPTER 25: PARTING THOUGHTS The economic concepts and principles cannot all be listed given the imaginative nature of the human mind. However, in as much as new concepts and principles are being developed whilst older ones continue to be refined and refuted, the bottom line should be that they all ought to divorce from emotions which vary from human being to human being. Rather there ought to be basic concepts and principles that are followed by both new and old economic ideas. The above fallacies ought to carry precision in the use of words as well as clarity in order to ensure their true or intended ideology is achieved. A common feature of most economic fallacies is that they focus on the initial consequences of particular policies and not the long term effects of the same. Confusion thus results as focus is placed not on the benefits or effects of policies but rather on the objectives of such policies. The importance of economic principles supersedes their use in only economic factors. If keenly looked at, most things do have economic aspects in which economic principles ca be applied. Instead of focusing on the objectives of goals, of main concern should be the activities that will be pursued t achieve such goals, what the particular legislation or goal encourages and discourages, the regulations that will follow the attainment of the goal, the long term effects of activities aimed towards attaining the goal. Last but not least, we ought to look at similar goals that were attained in the past and the impact they had. In as much as economics carries many fallacies, a distinction should be made between what is practical and what is indeed a fallacy.

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Performance Management - Essay Example Purposes of Performance Management in Relation to Business Objectives The first purpose of performance management as documented by Armstrong (215) would be concerned with performance improvement aimed at achieving individual, team and organizational effectiveness. This indicates the need for organizations to get the right things executed successfully. Its second purpose is in developing employees. Effective continuous development processes enhance the capabilities of individuals and teams so as to enhance organizational core competencies. Communication and involvement encompass the last purpose of performance management which aims at encouraging dialogues between the managers and their respective teams so as to define expectations and share organizational mission, values and objectives. Components of Performance Management Processes Performance management describes a process where understanding on the targets and the achievements would be shared. The process involves planning where job accountabilities together with performance measures would be established. It involves the understanding of behaviors and creation of development plans. Secondly, the coaching component of this process involves discussion based on the on-going feedback and an individual’s talents. The last component, review, encompasses formal review of behaviors, job accountabilities, overall rating and development plans. ... Relationship between Motivation and Performance Management While most organizations have average workers, competitive organizations motivate their average workers. While intrinsic motivation would cause one to be driven by the satisfactory feelings associated with executing a task well, extrinsic motivation emanates from the desire to achieve specific outcomes. Generally, motivation would take place if people expect that an action would lead to attainment of a particular goal. Considering Vroom’s expectancy theory of motivation, valence, instrumentality and expectancy comprise the three motivational forces. While valence describes the attractiveness of the outcome, instrumentality refers to the extent to which improved performance would result into the desired outcomes and expectancy refers to the perception of the extent to which increased effort would cause increased job performance. Motivation would result when there is a perceived relationship between performance and outco me, and that outcome serves as a means to satisfy needs (Shields, 33). Secondly, the equity theory of motivation observes the tendency in people of making social comparisons with regard to their earnings (Shields, 34). An employee would compare his or her input at work against the outcome with consideration of his or her counterparts. The employee would then seek to correct any perceived inequality. Other than income:outcome ratio, the employee could also consider effort:reward and contribution:reward ratios. Therefore, organizations need to carry out research to appropriately match performance management activities with motivators. Purposes of Reward in Performance Management Process

Working Capital Management Simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Working Capital Management Simulation - Essay Example Lawrence Sports could also charge their sales team to increase sales efficiency.   Currently, Mayo is the leading consumer for Lawrence Sports causing a large amount of capital to be missing if payments are delinquent.   If Lawrence Sports offer an incentive, like a bonus, to encourage their sales team to push out more sales to other consumers, then this would also be an option to increase working capital.            Ã‚  Next, consider Lawrence Sports’ payments to their suppliers.   Delayed payments may cause a supply shortage.   One alternative to keep from delaying payments would be to apply for a consolidation loan that hopefully has a better interest rate than the line of credit currently being used.   If the right loan can be found, the company can avoid late payments on the line of credit by paying it in full with the consolidation loan.   In turn, the consolidation loan can offer the company smaller payments over a longer period of time than the line of credit.   There are risks to this alternative.   Taking on to much debt could ultimately lead to bankruptcy if payments can’t be made.   However, by proper debt management, this plan can keep the suppliers happy because the company hasn’t become delinquent in their own payments.             In the simulation, Lawrence Sports’ need to improve its cash flow may lead to delaying payment to Murray who is very dependent on Lawrence Sports.   This delay in payment could in turn cause Murray to go out of business because the company relies on Lawrence Sports’ business.   Is it ethical for Lawrence Sports to put a company out of business to improve their own business?   It is not ethical to put a company out of business by delaying payments if payments could be easily afforded.   However, Lawrence Sports is having difficulty making payments due to a financial problem with its major customer.   If Lawrence Sports chooses to make payments on time at the expense of their own welfare, then there is a possibility that they may go out of business themselves.  

Has Kuwait Prospered with Western Relations Essay

Has Kuwait Prospered with Western Relations - Essay Example Surrounded by warring neighbors Kuwait is well noted for its wealth and stability (Crystal). Long time a bulwark for the West and the United States against many of the more radical regimes of the day, the United States had very close ties both politically and economically with the affluent rulers in Kuwait (Sharp). It was by using these relations to first put themselves into a position of prosperity, then reclaim their nation from Iraq, followed by the remarkable accomplishment of not only rebuilding but improving their position in the world society, that Kuwait managed to remain intact. Working with the vast resources of the West, the clever rulers of Kuwait have turned tragedy into fortune. By first examining the state of the Kuwaiti – United States/Western relations before the Gulf War and then researching the effects that the war itself had on the country, followed by the method that the Kuwaitis have used these results to its advantage to recover, we will answer the question: Is Kuwait better off because of Western Relations? This paper will seek to prove if indeed sometimes war can be good for a country and that if in the long term, security and economic concerns, for both countries, were and continue to be to this day, the driving factor behind the United States – Kuwaiti relations. ... , security and economic concerns, for both countries, were and continue to be to this day, the driving factor behind the United States – Kuwaiti relations. The country of Kuwait Kuwait, in a region prone to chaos and unrest is a remarkable example of exactly the opposite. Founded in the eighteenth century, with aid from the British, Kuwait has been ruled continuously by one family, the Sabah clan (Crystal). This style of government has produced a positive and growing economy which easily transitioned to the oil industry with the discovery of large reserves within the country’s borders Continuing after the death of ruler Mubarak the Great, the Sabah family has accomplished a rare feat in holding power and satisfying their population. This has been made substantially easier by the amount of foreign interest money that is consistently pumped in their economy (Bennet). United States foreign policy has long focused on offering assistance and influence in the Middle East in a reas that would help produce stability for the United States National Interests (Sharp). Long a top priority, the oil Fields of Kuwait were among the first assets protected by the United States under their defense agreement with the Sabah rulers. Although terrorism in the Kuwaiti area has remained low, the continued threat made by various terrorist organizations, both in the past and today made it imperative that workable defense treaties exist. By allowing other countries to provide a major portion of the defensive forces in the country, Kuwait was able to focus their wealth and influence on other issues. It was the aggression of Saddam and Iraq that tipped the balance of power in the region to one that required a response by the western powers (Hassan). The actions caused by the overreaching

Development and Advancement of Science Research Paper

Development and Advancement of Science - Research Paper Example Cloning is a form of asexual reproduction which involves creating genetically identical genes or cells, plants or animals. The procedure of cloning is done by taking a gene from the animal or human and then putting that gene in another animal or human organisms. Scientists found out that cloning can also make identical twins by using a method called embryo splitting. In July 1996, a team of Scottish scientists had the first cloning success. Dolly was the first ever cloned sheep. Therapeutic cloning is practised to clone things such as organs and tissues for patients in need of them. Reproductive cloning is practised for the purpose of actually producing a human that is genetically identical to somebody else. Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of an existing, or previously existing human, by growing cloned tissues from that individual. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning; human clones in the form of identical twins are commonplace . Human cloning is amongst the most controversial forms of practice. One of the most ethically questionable problems with human cloning is the farming of organs from clones. 1) Cloning has not been perfect yet. The cloning of sheep Dolly had 276 failures before successfully cloning a sheep. With these kinds of figures, we should not even go near trying to demonstrate cloning on humans. 2) Aldous Huxley in his book the â€Å"Brave New World† illustrates the future with people having a total loss of individuality, creativity, and freedom. This is because if humans are cloned then there would be a lot of the same people in the future.  Ã‚  

Global Nuclear Warfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Nuclear Warfare - Essay Example As Franklin Delano Roosevelt has stated in his inaugural speech - the only thing we have to fear is the fear itself. During the Cold War that followed, ideological conflicts were often conducted through the medium of fear. While some politicians argued for expanding arms expenditure by raising alarm about the threat of communism, others demanded disarmament and appealed to the public's fear of nuclear weapons. However, the promotion of competing alarmist claims is very different to the situation in the past (Furedi). The abuse of fear is a high stake politics. The worldview of citizens during the Cold War era has primarily been shaped by alteration between concepts of realism and idealism. These two general approaches in the American foreign policy, dealing with the international sphere, are most explicitly reflected in the foreign policy doctrines. As professor Furedi puts it, the fear has fast become a caricature of itself, it was no longer simply an emotion or a response to the perception of threat; it has become a cultural idiom through which we signal a sense of unease about our place in the world (Furedi). The beginning of the post bipolar era emerged ... First, the collapse of Soviet Union, that secured at least the ideological domination of the United States. Second, the Iraq intervention, that demonstrated the reality of the terrorist thread to the world security, but the thread of the nuclear warfare remained, and so did the fear in the heads of most people. A brilliant indicator of the perception of the world by general public through the optics of the global nuclear warfare is the Doomsday clock, that attain a significant respect and prestige in forming the public opinion since the very start of the global nuclear thread. The Doomsday Clock, symbolic clock on the University of Chicago wall shows the time left till the outbreak of global nuclear war and the end of the world that would follow. Over the last sixty years the fingers have moved - forward and backwards - only eighteen times. Recently on few days ago, two minutes closer to the nuclear apocalypse: they stopped at five minutes to twelve. The last time we, and the world, were this close to the definite destruction was in 1984. Any sensationalists or fanatic peace activists have not invented this final countdown. Doomsday Clock - the "Apocalypse Clock" as it has been nicknamed with popularity - have been designed by top nuclear scientists associated in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and the prestigious scientific board, or convocation, that is in charge of the decision of whether to move the fingers or not. On its latest session that decided to move the fingers world famous astrophysicist Stephen Hawking has participated. The first time D oomsday Clock were introduced to the public was short after the end of World War II, in 1947 and were set on seven minutes to twelve. The "midnight" symbolizes

Managing Finance Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing Finance - Research Proposal Example it mainly emphasizes on the projecting the demands (De-Almeida & William, 2014). Therefore, Wal-Mart mainly use of the flexible and static budgeting process and procedures. It is dependent on the forecasted demands that are based on the past sales and projections of the new products, season, consumer behavior and perception for developing budgeting processes. The management accounting system of Wal-Mart have been constantly changed and upgraded according to the advancement in the information technology and business environment. Currently, the company emphasizes on Just In Time, Inventory management and Economic Quantity Order techniques used in its management accounting system (Anon., 2014). However, these management accounting systems of the company has been amended with the passage of time. Wal-mart is focused on the low costing strategies. Hence, the adoption and changes in the management accounting systems of the company has been taken place time to time. The determinant to prevailing changes in the management accounting system is dependent on the external factors that the company aims to anticipate. The costing processes of Wal-Mart are very well maintained and are done by professional auditors all over the globe. The practices carried out in the factories are analyzed and are further characterized so that better check and balance can be made. The requirement standards of Wal-Mart, Labor policies, the payroll of the workforce, the rules and regulations provided by the Law are being followed within the factory or not? And the health and safety conditions are the essential of the â€Å"Audit Reviews†. After the examination of the practices of the factories Wal-Mart takes the decision to work with the factories or not (Bandy, 2013). The Wal-Mart is working in three major businesses. The priority of the organization is to improve the financial organization; this is due to the drastic changes in the financial sector. The

Nationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Nationalism - Essay Example In the perspective, nationalism does bring negative influence to the society and the people who live within such societies. Negative influence of nationalism is usually brought about by bad leadership. Primarily, leaders use nationalism to bring people together, but quite often they can go to the extremes while trying to meet their goals (Ireneusz and Suszycki 49). This may involve the use nationalism to persuade people to support their bad agenda and treatment towards the minority groups in the society. For instance, Hitler used nationalism to persuade the people of Germany to discriminate and eliminate all the minority groups in the nation. In particular, he used propaganda to invoke strong feeling of nationalism among the German population and then used it to advocate for his discriminative policies. This shows that when nationalism is abused, it can be very dangerous. People will want to fight for the rights and freedoms of their nation regardless of what others may go through. Nationalism can result in the development of extreme nationalistic movements with high degrees of discrimination. In fact, the rise of extreme nationalistic movements such as Nazism and Zionism was as a result of nationalism (Ireneusz and Suszycki 50). These movements had a strong belief in ethnicity in the sense that people that belong to their ethnic background were supreme and therefore there ethnic group was the master race. As a result, both of these ethnic groups embarked on the process of ethnic cleansing to eliminate those groups of people that belong to different ethnic affiliations. For instance, member of the Nazism eliminated the Jews by killing them or sending them to special concentration camps where they would undergo suffering and extreme conditions. On the other hand, the members of Zionism eliminated the Palestinians by driving them out of Israel. This is shows the extent to which nationalism

The implications for the justice system of the English riots Essay

The implications for the justice system of the English riots - Essay Example This essay discusses that It was believed that children were given harsh punishments and strict sentences as they were either a ten year old or a teenager who was involved in the crisis. It was argued that children of this age are unaware of what is right or wrong. This argument can be considered as no longer applicable and cannot be accepted with logical sense under the criminal justice system. Common innocent people have also been harassed a great deal during the 2011 riots in England. This harassment is not tolerable at any cost and the courts and justice system should have taken some action against such injustice and unnecessary trouble to the English citizens. The England riot of 2011 was an event where ordinary people protested against the growing inequality that was making them poorer and poorer. Although political classes have blamed gangsters for initiating such riots, the participants were found to be mostly local male teenagers and children. The faulty public policies have the major causes for the growing economic frustration of the people that resulted in riots. The criminal justice system has also been criticized for showing discriminations and unequal justice. Riot sentencing also has much stricter for these same offenses than what is usually given. A large number of arrests was also rendered unnecessary and endangered safety of children. However, the evidence is also there that the court, although accused, has acted as per laws with respect to giving punishments and strict sentences.â€Æ'... The riot situation had brought under coverage other English cities like Liverpool, Manchester and Birmingham. Such a riot situation was solely a display of people’s anger against the police after the shooting incident (Slack, 2011). Review reports of riots it is said that police should have used plastic bullets and water canon to bring the situation under control. News reports published says that police should have used stuffs like water cannon and plastic bullets to bring the riot situation under control. Moreover the force deployed was insufficient to deal with the riot situation. The rioters were more in number than the force. Numbers of arrests under such circumstances were also considered not enough to control the situation. The riots caused a damage of ?300 million. More than 2500 business houses were hampered during the riots. The rioters also broke approximately 231 houses (Travis, 2011). The main reason of evoking the riot was that he police had shot down a man called Michael Duggan whom they claimed to be a gangster. The riot culminated more into an anti police movement. The lack of sympathy from the police that got revealed in the shootout acted as a driving factor for spreading of riots. Under such circumstances in the course of riots some rioters got opportunities for looting unaffordable luxury goods and they utilized it thoroughly. However racial discrimination was not noticed in the course of riots (Lewis, Newburn, Taylor and Ball, 2011). Role of gangs in England riots of 2011 Majority of the rioters were found to be males. But only a small percent of the arrested people belonged to gangs. Most of the arrested ones were not professional criminals (Smith, 2011). But those involved had not left

Power Versus Domination Essay Example for Free

Power Versus Domination Essay Although Foucault’s methodology of archaeology and genealogy of knowledge contribute greatly to the study of history of knowledge but contrary to general facts of social science. Foucault’s archaeology and genealogy of knowledge produce outstanding works such as History of Madness and History of Sexuality. But, in fact, in theory and practice of social change there is no relation between power and domination. But on the other hand, Foucault’s methodology makes us more sensitive to relation between power and domination. Thus, why is obviously contradict to general fact of science. Foucault with the method of archaeology and genealogy proved that the history about the healing of the mad in ancient times and now is under the influence of power and domination. In Foucault’s History of madness he tried to explain about how to heal ‘mad people’. In the past, treatment of mad people were exiled to a desert island. Meanwhile, the treatment is more human than the people made by being placed in the ‘clinic’. But because of power and domination this treatment is more restrained treatment or even torture. That why, Foucault’s methodologies contribute to the history of knowledge. However, Foucaults methodologies contradict the reality of social science. the general fact of science showed that there is no relation between power and domination. In short, power is not to dominate, and domination is not to support power. Power does not control all aspects of life whether personal life or social. It showed by the existence of ‘human right’. The reality of social science tends to ignore the power in the world of science. For me knowledge is a neutral, objective and innocent. So, Foucault’s methodologies are opposed to the assumption that knowledge is a neutral, objective and innocent.

A Pestel Analysis Of Indian Tourism Tourism Essay

A Pestel Analysis Of Indian Tourism Tourism Essay Learning should be like pleasure trips, like excursions , to explore new vistas, and to attain greater heights of knowledge. The basic purpose of learning should be to nurture inquisitiveness in such a manner that clear value additions take place. What is new and different? In a competitive world , differentiation is the best strategy, and I have adopted that. The whole term paper is written in steps so that our teacher could understand my term paper easily, as compared to others. I have given the PESTEL and observation of the tourism industry in dustry in the best possible manner. The real observations and examples are given in the term paper. Benefits from term paper? This term paper has been written to cater the needs of anyone who wants the first hand experience of various factors influencing the tourism industry. Various facts and figures are given to understand tourism industry in better way. TRAVELLERS TO VISIT INDIA -ARTICLE#5: COMMONWEALTH GAMES INDIAN TOURISM INDUSTRY ARTICLE#6: GROWTH TREND IN EXOTIC INDIAN TOURISM INDUSTRY SOURCEOF DATA PESTEL ANALYSIS OF INDIAN TOURISM -POLITICAL ANALYSIS -ECONOMIC ANALYSIS -SOCIAL ANALYSIS -TECONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS -ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS -LEGAL ANALYSIS OBSERVATION FUTURE OF TOPIC REFRENCES OBJECTIVE PESTEL ANALYSIS OF INDIAN TOURISM is being done in order to check and determine the effect of various factors that have an impact on the growth and establishment of tourism. The main objective of this term paper is as under: PESTEL analysis of INDIAN TOURISM ARTICLE Analysis on INDIAN TOURISM OBSERVATION of INDIAN TOURISM FUTURE of topic. INTRODUCTION INDIAN TOURISM: The tourism industry in INDIA is substantial and vibrant, and the country is fast becoming a major global destination. Indias travel and tourism industry is one of them most profitable industries in the country, and also credited with contributing a substantial amount of foreign exchange. This is illustrated by the fact that during 2006, four million tourists visited India and spent US $8.9 billion. Several reasons are cited for the growth and prosperity of Indias travel and tourism industry. Economic growth has added millions annually to the ranks of Indias middle class, a group that is driving domestic tourism growth. Disposable income in India has grown by 10.11% annually from 2001-2006, and much of that is being spent to travel. Thanks in part to its booming IT and outsourcing industry a growing number of business trips are made by foreigners to India, who will often add a weekend break or longer holiday to their trip. Foreign tourists spend more in India than almost any other country worldwide. Tourist arrivals are projected to increase by over 22% per year through till 2010, with a 33% increase in foreign exchange earnings recorded in 2004. The Tourism Ministry has also played an important role in the development of the industry, initiating advertising campaigns such as the Incredible India campaign, which promoted Indias culture and tourist attractions in a fresh and memorable way. The campaign helped create a colorful image of India in the minds of consumers all over the world, and has directly led to an increase in the interest among tourists. . Both directly and indirectly, increased tourism in India has created jobs in a variety of related sectors. The numbers tell the story: almost 20 million people are now working in the Indias tourism industry. A new growth sector is medical tourism. It is currently growing at around 30% per annum. Medical tourist arrivals are expected to reach one million soon. The tourism industry of India is based on certain core nationalistic ideals and standards which are: Swaagat or welcome, Sahyog or cooperation, Soochanaa or information, Sanrachanaa or infrastructure, Suvidha or facilitation, Safaai or cleanliness and Surakshaa or security. The following table provides the major tourist attraction in india: Charminar: Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh .Kaziranga National Park:Assam. Qutub Minar:Delhi. Mangueshi Temple: Goa. Shimla: Himachal Pradesh.Dal: LakeJammu and Kashmir. Jog FallsShimoga District, Karnataka. Kovalam Beach : Kerala. Amarkantak: Madhya Pradesh . Ajanta: Maharashtra. Puri: Orissa. Golden Temple : Amritsar, Punjab. Jaipur : Rajasthan. Chennai : Tamil Nadu . Badrinath Temple : Uttarakhand, Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh. Victoria Memorial:Kolkata, Bengal PESTEL ANALYSIS: Originally designed as a business environmental scan, the PEST or PESTLE analysis is an analysis of the external macro environment (big picture) in which a business operates. These are often factors which are beyond the control or influence of a business, however are important to be aware of when doing product development, business or strategy planning . PESTEL analysis is the method to characterize or to analyse the various features and traits of any industry like steel industry, power industry, etc,. We are analysing INDIAN TOURISM INDUSTRY by using PESTEL ANALYSIS.PESTEL stands for POLITICAL ECONOMICAL SOCIAL TECHNICAL ECOLOGICAL LEGAL ARTICLES/LITERATURE REVIEW ON INDIAN TOURISM ARTICLE # 1: TOURISM IN INDIA: BY SINGH ,KARNAIL, 07 JUN 2008, TOURISM IN INDIA http://aaharways.com/main/modules/articles/article.php?id=196 The growth of tourism is at a very quick pace the year 2004-2005 show tourism as major contributors to Indian Economy. There is an excessive growth on the arrival of foreign tourist. Tourist started coming from Middle East, South Africa, USA, Spain, France and Portugal etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This act as a major contributors in Indias economy. Interesting feature of this growth is that it has come even as global tourism has dropped, due to the September 11 terrorist attacks in the United States, the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in East Asia, and the Iraq warà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ ANALYSIS: According to this article the author tries to say that one of the major contributor to the Indian economy is the tourism industry. One of the political factor of the PESTEL analysis has effected the tourism growth, i.e, the attack of the 11 septembet which was the terrorist activity. The author says that due to the rise in the income which has made economic conditions of the people better has added in the domestic tourism. The people in summers visit hilly areas like Kashmir and Himachal, which has happened due to rise in income of the people. Aggressive advertising campaign Incredible India by the government has also had contribution in changing Indias image. More than 6500 taxi drivers, restaurant owners and guides trained under the programme. ARTICLE # 2: ROYAL TRAINS IN INDIA: http://www.articlesnatch.com/topic/Indian-Maharaja-Train-in -india-cream-of-indian-tourism_2192928.html Royal Trains in India offer royal safaris to the most vibrant cities of India. Royal Trains in India offer an opportunity to feel the royalty and elegance of Indian Maharajas of bygone era. The Royal Indian Trains take the tourists through the verdant valleys, barren deserts, royal palaces, imperial forts, famous beaches and so on and on.Royal Trains in India are Indian heritage hotels on board which open their doors in different cities of India each day. These heriatge trains in India provide the tourists with the utmost royal ambiance to make them feel the royalty of Indian Maharajas, Mighty Marathas and Royal Rajputsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. ANALYSIS: According to this article the author tries to say that the one of the beauty of indian tourism is the royal trains of India. There are 5 royal trains in India- Palace on Wheels, Royal Rajasthan on Wheels, Golden Chariot, Maharaja Express and Deccan Odyssey. All of the five Indian Royal Trains provide luxury tours in India. Royal trains represent the values, heritage and the culture of the India. This is one of the social factor if we take this article with respect to the PESTEL analysis, that has impact on Indian tourism. The royal train are adding great value to tourism as many royality seeking tourists are visiting India for this reason. ARTICLE # 3: RNCOS RELEASES A NEW REPORT: BY SHUSHMUL, MAHESHWARI,RNCOS E-Services Pvt. Ltd http://www.Articlebase.com/rnocs-realese-new-report The report Indian Tourism Industry Analysisby RNCOS provides an insight into the Indian tourism market. It evaluates the past, present and future scenario of the Indian tourism market and discusses the key factors which are making India a potential tourism destination. With focuses on different parameters of tourism industry, including inbound tourism, outbound tourism, expenditure by inbound tourists, medical tourism, and hotel industry, the report gives a thorough analysis on the tourism industry in India. Key Issues Facts Analyzed   What is the current state of the tourism industry in India?   What are the emerging trends in the tourism sector?   Which are the leading tourism states?   What is the future outlook of the tourism industry?   Which factors are driving the Indian tourism industry?   What is the scenario of the hotel industry in India? ANALYSIS: According to the report, India represents one of the most potential tourism markets in the world. It has expanded rapidly over the past few years and underpinned by the government support, rising income level and various international sports events, the Indian tourism industry will continue to grow at the fastest pace in the coming years. However, the industry may have to cope up with several challenges which will limit its growth. Key Findings:   India is expected to see an influx of 10 Million international tourists by 2010, up from just 5 Million in  2007.   Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Rajasthan are the leading tourism destinations in  India in terms of total tourist arrivals.   India has been promoting its healthcare tourism by providing the visitors with private healthcare facilities. It is  expected that the total market for medical tourism will reach US$ 2 Billion by 2012, representing a CAGR of 60.69%.   Personal disposable income during 2002-2007 grew at a CAGR of 14.16%, thereby driving domestic  as well as  outbound tourism.   Indian outbound tourist flow is expected to increase at a CAGR of 13.30% over the five-year period  spanning  from 2008 to 2012.   Indias share in the global tourism is expected to reach 1.5% by 2010. ARTICLE # 4: INDIAN MEDICAL TOURISM TREMENDOUSLY ATTRACTING TRAVELLERS TO VISIT INDIA http://www.articlenow.com/indian-medical-tourism The unwell gloomy faces can now smile as India has been declared an ideal destination for medical tours. Even the failing hearts are now treated more successfully at a much lower cost as compared to other parts of the world. In medical field, India has seen much growth and advancements. In the offing, the most complicated by pass surgeries or bone marrow transplants are viable in India. ANALYSIS: According to this article the author tries to say that the medical tourism in India is growing at a high pace and which has benefitted the Indian tourism. This is one of the technological factor of the PESTEL analysis, that has been affecting indian tourism. , indian tourism has been growing because of medical tourism . medical and medical related facilities are cheap in india as compared to other countries. As a part of Visit India 2009, the Ministry of Tourism has discussed with all major hospitals of India to offer incentivised deals to the medical tourists. . It is reported that over 1.5 lakhs medical tourists visited India for medical tourism in 2002 alone that brought about $300 million of earnings. Ever since then this figure of influx of medical tourists is increasing year after year by at least 25%. This is providing better oppournity to tourism industry to expand ARTICLE # 5: COMMONWEALTH GAMES AND INDIAN TOURISM INDUSTRY http://www.articlebase.com/commonwealth-games-and-indian-tourism-industry-956058 Gone are days when Indian Tourism Industry had received a set back. A new era of Indian tourism is ushering and things are now falling into their right place. India is too happy to host the exciting Commonwealth Games in 2010. And equally enthusiastic is Delhi where these Games are scheduled. 85 teams of Commonwealth Nations would be seen contesting for 17 disciplines. The 12 day long event will have matches of swimming, wrestling, weightlifting, cycling, marathon, badminton, boxing, shooting, athletics, table tennis and tennis etc. which would be held from 3rd to 14th October 2010 ANALYSIS: According to this article, author ties to say that India and more importantly Delhi and neighboring states have geared themselves up for the upcoming Commonwealth Games this year. The tourists will be much excited to witness the participants competing in the newly built Khelgaon near Yamuna River Bank which is very close to Swami Narayan Akshardham temple. Delhi Government and Indian Government had ventured into upgradation of infrastructure of the country. The Aviation, Hospitality as well as Tour and travel industry will be highly benefited from the Games. Keeping this in mind, the transportation services are being improved, metro trains will be soon seen plying passengers,  new hotels are mushrooming and the existing ones are been renovated.In addition to this, the monumental heritage of Delhi and surrounding states as Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,Himachal Pradesh Madhya Pradesh is specially taken care of. ARTICLE # 6: GROWTH TREND IN EXOTIC INDIAN TOURISM INDUSTRY India, the ancient cultural cradle of the world, fascinates tourists from every corner of the world. Even we Indians are not fully aware of the beauty our country has like our ancient cities, temples, minarets, mosques, gardens, lakes, mountains and a lot more. The most popular tourist destinations in India are Central India, The North Eastern states, Calcutta, Mumbai, New Delhi , Khajuraho, and Goa, where Rajasthan, due to its wide range of cultural and ethnic diversities, is the paradise for the foreign tourists. Indian tourism industry is being utilized as a well-planned tool to facilitate international understanding and enabling building of cultural horizons in a broader way. The Government of India has already initiated to achieve such objectives by offering attractive packages to foreign tourists. It has also organized road shows in major markets of the globe such as the UK, Canada,Australia, Singapore and Malaysia. Within first two years of the introduction of 11th Five Year P lan, the ministry has sanctioned projects worth USD 14.27 million. ANALYSIS: This post give us an overview of tourism industry in India, its growth and its contribution in to the countrys economic growth. Tourism is a growing industry in India that accounts for the larger section of foreign earnings for our nation. In recent years, the industry has been severely affected because of the factors terrorism and the troubling situation in Kashmir. The earning through tourism in India was dropped below than USD 1.5 billion and so the tourism traffic, that only accounted for 0.5 percent of the total traffic of the world. Unlike past few years, 2009 has shown a sign of improvement in foreign tourist inflow. This has led the industry to contribute nearly USD 67.3 billion to gross domestic product this year, which is expected to rise above USD 187.3 billion by 2019. According to Mr Sujit Banerjee, the Tourism Secretary of India, foreign tourist arrival targets is expected to cross six million this year. Also, a 24 per cent increase was observed in foreign exchange earnings (FEE) as compared to previous years. Tourism revenue is expected to grow by 42 percent from 2007 to 2017. After witnessing the positive growth for the first time in 2009, the tourism ministry has planned to develop three niche products, which are wellness tourism, caravan tourism and helipad tourism this year. Also, the Tourism ministry is focusing on the safety and security of the tourists through awareness programs and ad campaigns to entice more visitors. It is constantly making an appeal to Indian public to take care of their gues ts with the true spirit of Atithi Devo Bhava. India is moving towards its destination of tourists main attraction spot from the phrase Incredible India. Other services like travel guides, roads,air travel,catering, sanitation, transportation and telecommunication are being operated from professional grounds. This would boost the tourism industry as well as the economy of the country. SOURCE OF DATA: The source of data that I have used is SECONDARY SOURCE DATA. Secondary data is elected in form of information which has already been collected by someone. Along with thissome information on crisis management , their features are collected from internet. For more information regarding research methodology , books from library have been referred. PESTEL ANALYSIS OF INDIAN TOURISM POLITICAL ANALYSIS: In India, one can never over-look the political factors which influence each and every industry existing in the country. Like it or not, the political interference has to be present everywhere. Given below are a few of the political factors with respect to the tourism industry: TERRORISM SECURITY:Terrorism has an adverse effect on the growth and progress of any country. Terrorism has also bad effect on the tourism industry if India. It is the big political problem to the governing party of the country. With the rise in terrorism the growth of tourism industry in the disturbed parts of country has been at slew rate. The states like Jammu and Kashmir, Assam etc. have a bad tourism output, which intern effects the countrys growth. The govt. of India is taking steps in regard to tackle the terrorism by providing more security to the tourists who are visiting such terrorist prone areas. POLITICAL INSTABILITY:Political instability also has effect on tourism industry. Sometimes frequent change of parties at state or central level have an impact on tourism policies and upliftment of tourist sites, as the different parties have different approach to tourist industry. INFRASTRUCTURE: Infrastructure development depends mainly upon the government or ruling political party. There has been a great infrastructure development from last 20 years in India. The better infrastructure has attracted more and more tourist in India that is why the tourists visited in 2000 were 684 million and 2004 were 760 million. RELATIONS WITH NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES: Relationship with the adjoining countries have also a direct relationship with the tourism industry. The political relationship of India with most of adjoining countries is good, but the tourist from near countries are not frequently visiting the country. LACK OF INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATION: One of problem that is because of political factor is the lack of international representation of the country. Indian government does not givemuch preference to representation of country internationally because of which tourism rate does not increase by any surplus amount. Countries like Malaysia are representing their country internationally which is giving boost their tourism. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: Economic factor also play an important role in the analysis of the tourism industy. Better economic factors help to drive more and more tourist from different countries as well as from domestic market.The Tourism sector of Indian economy is at present experiencing a huge growth. The Tourism sector of Indian economy has become one of the major industrial sectors under the Indian economy. The tourism industry earns foreign exchanges worth Rs. 21,828 crore. Previous year the growth rate of the tourism sector of Indian economy was recorded as 17.3% Some of the economic factors that affect tourism industry are: GDP (GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT): Gross domestic product also plays major part in the upliftment of tourism industry. The GDP of India is growing at constant pace, it was around 9% in July,2008. Better growth of GDP has helped to attract more and more tourist. The tourism will also help to raise the GDP of India as if more and more tourist arrive they will spend more money which inturn raise the GDP of country. RISE IN NATIONAL INCOME: The Indian tourism is one of the major contributors in increasing national income and improving the economic conditions of India. US $ 4810 were generated in year 2004 alone from tourism industry and it has increased upto 36% from previous year 2003. BETTER ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: If we talk about the indian tourism industry, the rise in the output is not only because if the foreign tourists but the domestic tourism has also been spreading its wings and adding much more to tourism industry. As the economic condiions has been getting better from last decade and so people are now spending much on tours and travelling. SOCIAL ANALYSIS: Social factor are those factors that affect the tourism industry because of the society. Social factors have more or less a significant impact on Indian tourism industry. Some of the social factors that I have analysed, that effect tourism industry of India are: DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES:Demographic trends describe the changes in demographics in a population over time. In India majority of the population is of the young people, who are willing to spend and to visit different parts of the country, thus one of this social factor has helped in development of tourism industry majority of population i.e, 50% is under the age of 23 years. VAST CULTURE: As we all know that the India is country of various religion and has oldest culture. India is often called subcontinent. The Indian culture drives more and more foreigners to visit the country. The is so much vastness in Indian culture and demographics that the tourists find it better to visit country like India as compared to any other country as they find various and vast cultures in India. HEALTHIER LIFESTYLE: India provides trends to the healthier lifestyle, one of the biggest example is of YOGA . most of the foreign tourist also visit India because of this purpose as they find new and better ways that could keep them healthy in their day to day sy lifestyle. LANGUAGE: The Indian population is also good at speaking English language, so this factor plays an indirect part in the upliftment of the tourism industry. The foreigners do not find it much difficult to convey themselves to the people. TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS:Technology always plays an vital role in any sector, so it has also played its part in tourism industry. Some of the major technological factors that affect the industry if tourism are as under: MEDICAL TOURISM:Medical tourism has emerged in India from 1995, the medical industry is driving more and more foreigners to come to India for their treatment. India is cheap at medical procedures and technologically advanced than the other countries. Around 1.5 lacs of tourist visited India just for medical purposes, which generated $300 million alone .Thus this one technological factor is attracting more and more crowd to India. IT SECTOR:IT sector is one of the sector in which India is getting advanced day by day. It is driving more and more foreign nationals and tourist to our country as its providing some job oppoturnity to them, which inturn makes rise in growth of the tourism sector. There are many IT parks in India and many IT hubs which techno savvy people from abroad visit to learn new things. ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS: Environment is the main part of our lives that affect us directly. Environment analysis is necessary for tourism industry as its dependent on environment. Environment factor that has impact on tourism industry of India are: GO GREEN IDEOLOGY: Go green ideology is one of the major steps taken by our government for the preservation of environment. This ideology states that more and more trees should be planted and less consumption of fuel should be done. This affects tourism industry directly as better environment will drive more crowd to the country. GLOBAL WARMING: Global warming is one of the issues of concern of the whole world. Global warming is effecting the tourism of India as glaciers of Himalaya and the various hill stations in the Jammu and Kashmir and in Himachal Pradesh are facing trouble because of global warming as the temperature and weather conditions are changing there dramatically. SAVE TIGERS INITIATIVE: Tiger saving initiatives are also taking a pace ,because royal Bengal tiger is world famous . People come from different countries to visit the national parks like KAZIRANGA etc, the tigers are the main attraction to the tourists, so government is taking initiative to save tigers. LEGAL ANALYSIS: Legal factors of any country have an impact on its tourism. Various laws and acts have direct relationship with the rise and fall in the rate of tourism. Some of the legal factors that have impact on our tourism industry are given as under: TAX EXEMPTION: The scheme and laws like tax exemption help to develop the tourism industry. The tax exemption laws like, 50% of profit derived by travel agents and tours operators will only be taxed. Such legal schemes are helping a lot in betterment of tourism. INCREDIBLE INDIA: One of the aggressive advertisement campaign by tourism department is the INCREDIBLE INDIA, it is a advertisement scheme for which the government pays the money. Many banners and advertisment on various channels are shown, by this the ministry of tourism tries to show various great places which can be visited in India. LOW SPENDERS: Apart from the above stated schemes one of the legal drawbacks is that Indian government does not spend much on the development and upliftment of tourism because of which tourism industry is not getting the utmost best channel for performing the best. FARES: Government also provides the facilities of the partly low fare to the foreigners in the railways as well as in other services to show the kind treatment and hospitality to the foreigners, this will generate the word of mouth publicity of the tourism industry which inturn is the positive sign of legal factors. OBSERVATION: Cheap air fair is curbing the domestic tourism, as people are preferring to go to different places with ease and in short time Aggressive tourism strategy adopted by countries like countries like SINGAPORE and INDIA is still lagging to implement such strategies. High operation costs. Medical tourism is emerging in India which is helping to generate better economy from it. $300 million generated in 2004. Economic development has developed the pace of domestic tourism. Personal disposable income during 2002-2007 grew at a CAGR of 14.16%, thereby driving domestic  as well as  outbound tourism. Royal trains and palaces attract the tourist who love the royal ways of living. FUTURE OF THE TOPIC: Inspite of overall recession and war of terrorism, the future looks bright: Common wealth games 2010, is one of the huge opportunity by which the tourism industry could expect to generate high revenues. Increased hotel facilities , the accommodation will be easier for the tourists. Development of the infrastructure has already begun and this will help in boosting the tourism. Various GO GREEN SAVE TIGER initiatives are adding to a better India. Fight war of terrorism to sustain.

South African Forced Removals History Essay

South African Forced Removals History Essay In South Africa, apartheid was an important factor in the forced removal of many innocent South Africans, due to the color of their skin. Throughout the 1900s the struggle between segregation and equality was brought to attention, affecting almost every aspect of a black South Africans life. Equality was a struggle starting as far back as the 1600s, when white settlers first came to Africa establishing white supremacy over the black majority, rendering them helpless. From the causes, to the effects upon the civilians, the forced removals majorly affected the present day South Africa. There are many causes as to why the forced resettlement of blacks was conveyed by the government. The apartheid more or less originated back in 1652 when white settlers first arrived in South Africa. This history did impact the way the laws and policies were enforced later on 1948 on by the nationalist party. In 1910, the Union was formed. After this, the territorial segregation the white settlers had impressed was put in law with the 1913 Black Land Act. The Black Land Act limited the areas black Africans could occupy through ownership or rent, basically to the Bantustans reserves, which made up 7% of the total land area of South Africa. This act would become the basic land policy of South Africa up until the end of the resettlement. The Act also made the number of migrant laborers increase, since most of the industries and mines, which was and still is the main source of income for Africans, were occupied by black workers, but were located on white land. In 1936, due to the large a mount of blacks enforced into the reserves, the Development Trust and Black Land Act added land to the reserves. The total land area increased from 7% to 13% land area for blacks, and 87% owned by whites (Henard). During the 1930s and 40s, the amount of money blacks were paid in urban areas was considerably better than that of rural, and this began a migration of black Africans into urban areas. This countered the wants of the dominant agricultural capitalists, who needed a good, cheap work force during the agricultural boom of the 1950s. Thus began the move towards forced removals, to keep blacks out of white urban areas. This need for the removal was the implementation of the Bantustan (Homeland) Policy. The Bantustans consisted of a set of ten tribes, known as homelands. Bantustans were territories set aside for the black inhabitants of South Africa that were unofficially independent. The Bantustan Policy was directed towards rural, urban, and Bantustan resettlement. These resett lements were to direct blacks from designated white urban land and areas, which led to a superfluous amount of farm laborers. In 1950, the Group Area Act was put into action. The Group Area Act mandated residential segregation throughout South Africa. Over 860,000 Africans were forcibly moved to divide and control racially-separate communities. Multiple multi-racial communities were destroyed by the government using things such as bulldozers, and other machinery. To further enforce the eviction of blacks to the Bantustan reserves, the white government created the Prevention of illegal Squatting Act in 1951. An illegal squatter by definition was someone living illegally on land without permission from the land owner. They also extended that to even with permission from the owner; they could still be convicted and ejected by the authority. Illegal squatters were removed to the Bantustans. As time progressed, black political organizations such as the African National Congress and Pan A frican Congress were banned from interference. Whites dominated in politics and economy, strategically dividing black majority into small townships with separate political structures. Having them divided kept them from coming together and forming their own ideologies and political ideas. This also prevented them from doing any type of resistance against the white dominated government. Overall there were many events leading up to the forced removals. By the beginning of the 1980s, almost 60% of the African population was based in the Bantustans (source 2). The black spots, or communities the blacks were forced into, were overcrowded and unsanitary. These communities more or less became the dumping grounds for unwanted blacks, namely the elderly, women and children. By forcing these Africans into overcrowded settlements, they prevented them from having political or economic advantage over the whites. As a result of the enforced removal of blacks from white urban and most rural areas, the black majority (87% of the total population) was refocused into the 13% of Bantustan land reserves, by white authoritative (MSU). Places such as Sophiatown in Johannesburg (1955-63), and District 6 in Cape Town (beginning in 1958) were evicted from their homes. If blacks were to rebel or resist movement, they were forcibly moved, as demonstrated in 1985 over a period of four days, in Crossroads, South Africa. Blacks were being removed to a new tow nship that was government run called Khayelitsha. Their peaceful demonstration turned violent, causing 18 civilians to be killed, and 230 injured. Between the periods of 1960 to 1983, 3 million black Africans were moved. After the institution of the Bantustan Policy, places such as Dimbaza, Illinge, and Saba on the Eastern Cape became overcrowded and infertile. At first the Africans did nothing, but beginning in the 1980s popular resistance to the removals was widespread amongst the migrated. The resistance was massively influenced by Gandhi and Nelson Mandela, who both stood for the end of apartheid and segregation. Gandhi represented peaceful movement and protest, while Nelson Mandela rooted strongly for changing the type of government and the people controlling it, allowing blacks into the political loop. By the 1980s, the crumble of forced removals began to take place. There was widespread resistance, along with massive amounts of unemployed blacks living largely in poverty. In 1990, the African National Congress was finally unbanned, along with Nelson Mandela freedom. Working together, they were able to hold the first multiracial democratic elections in 1994. Upon this success, the African Nation Congress dominated with 62% majority of the vote. Nelson Mandela was elected president of South Africa after 28 long years in prison by the parliament, therefore actively ending apartheid and bringing back equality to South Africa. The Bantustan reserves were later incorporated back into the country of South Africa as a whole. Even after it ended, a great amount of the blacks that were forced into small townships remained there, out of the result that they had no work or money to leave for or with. Bantustan reserves are ridden with poverty and crime, due to the forced removals. South African forced removals had a large effect on the current state of South Africa. Starting as early as the first white settlers in Africa from Europe, blacks were faced with apartheid and white supremacy for many long years. Over three million Africans were forced from their homes, having to move to overcrowded, infertile, and unsanitary areas so that the white and blacks would stay separated. This separation was made legal through a series of laws, policies, and acts by the white dominated government. The struggle for equality and erosion of apartheid was a long and continuous process, but finally came to an end in the early 1990s.

Exploring Motion And Force :: essays research papers

Exploring Motion and Forces Calculating Speed: Section 1 q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The SI unit for distance is meters. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The SI unit for speed is meters per second. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the SI unit for time is seconds. Calculating Speed: Section 2 q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When solving for speed, you are looking for meters per second (velocity). q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Your speed is 5 meters per second. 100/20 = 5 q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You skate faster. Calculating Speed: Section 3 q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When solving for speed, you are looking for meters per second (velocity). q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Her average speed was 9.37 meters per second. 200/21.34 = 9.37 Calculating Speed: Section 4 q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When solving for time, you are looking to end up with distance over velocity. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If a lightning bolt strikes the ground 1 km away from you, it will take .30 seconds for the sound to reach you. 100/330 = .30 Calculating Speed: Section 5 q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If the 60th floor is 219 m above the first floor, it would take the elevator 21.9 seconds to go from the 1st floor to the 60th floor. 219/10 = 21.9 Calculating Speed: Section 6 q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It would take 5 hours to finish the race if the river was 130 km and you were traveling downstream. 10 km/hr is added to your speed of 16 km/hr because you are moving downstream. 130/26 = 5 q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you were traveling upstream, it would take 21.6 hours. 10 km/hr is subtracted from your speed of 16 km/hr because you are moving upstream. 130/6 = 21.6 Velocity and Speed: Section 1 q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They have the same velocities. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They have the same speeds. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is no difference between speed and velocity. Calculating Acceleration: Section 1 q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The car’s average acceleration is 3 m/s2. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The average acceleration is positive because the car is gaining speed. Calculating Acceleration: Section 2 q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The roller coaster’s acceleration is 7.3 m/s2. Calculating Acceleration: Section 3 q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The swimmer’s acceleration is .01 m/s2 during this interval. Calculating Acceleration: Section 4 q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The acceleration of the roller coaster is –5 m/s2. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The average acceleration is negative because the roller coaster loses speed. Putting the Knowledge to Work: Hypothesis Question q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You can measure a runner’s speed by calculating distance traveled over time. q  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Running twice as far would take twice as much time if the runner is moving at a constant speed. Putting the Knowledge to Work: Data and Observations Putting the Knowledge to Work: Analysis Distance (meters)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0-5   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5-10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10-15  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15-20  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20-25  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  25-30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30-35  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  35-40  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  40-45  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  45-50 Robbie’s Time (short)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .95  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.11  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .60  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .67  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .32  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Velocity  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5.26 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.50 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8.33 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7.26 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15.63 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Acceleration  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5.54 m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -.68 m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.38 m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -1.60 m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  26.16 m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Duran’s Time (short)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .42  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.58  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .63  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .53  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Velocity  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11.9 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.16 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5.56 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7.94 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9.43 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Acceleration  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  28.33 m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -5.53 m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.67 m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.45 m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.8 m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Robbie’s Time (long)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .69  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .24  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .27  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.23  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .78  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .53  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .81  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .39 Velocity  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7.25 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.94 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20.83 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  16.52 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.07 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .64 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9.43 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.17 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12.82 m/s Acceleration  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10.5 m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -2.54 m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  74.54 m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -15.9 m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -10.1 m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -4.40 m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  16.58m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -4.02 m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7.66 m/s2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7.23 m/s2 Duran’s Time (long)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.29  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .32  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.22  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .72  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .41  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .96  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .46  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .8 Velocity  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.86 m/s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.