Internship Report on Ztbl

Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report CHAPTER 1 â€Å"INTRODUCTION TO REPORT† 1. 1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY The Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited is the premier financial institution geared towards the development of agriculture sector by providing financial products and services to their customers. It is a common practice at universities during the completion of the masters and bachelors program to attain practical experience in different fields.Students are required to undergo an internship program of two months to fulfill the requirement for their degree completion. The selection of the firm is based on the choice of the student. The institute requires an internship report based on the theoretical and practical learning of the student. The Internship is the bridge between academic qualification and professional career of fresh graduates†. This internship report is mainly focused on the working of the Finance and Accounts Division of the ZTBL.Moreover, the i nternship is a unique aspect of education that integrates study with planned and supervised career-related work experience. The students are involved as non-paid â€Å"authentic employees† receiving academic credit for work experiences. The purpose of the internship program is to develop and strengthen the student’s educational and career preparation. By doing internship in any organization that obviously exposes the interpersonal relationships not only with employees but also with supervisor that are essential in obtaining a successful and satisfying career.This background of the study is mainly focus on the performance, functions and objectives of the Finance and Accounts Division of the ZTBL and its internal working and operations of this division. While, the internship is any experience where students learn by taking on responsible roles as workers in organizations and observing and reflecting on what happens while they are in the workplace. It provides 1 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report any advantages to student that helps him throughout his life. Some advantages of internship program are given as under; ? ? ? ? ? To gain professional experience and receive academic credit To enhance independence, responsibility and self-confidence To Interact and collaborate confidently with employees To share ideas with one another. To translate classroom knowledge into the professional work environment and to make plan, how to carry the activities. ? To work towards the process improvement. 1. 2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of conducting this study is to develop some insight into the orking of the Finance and Accounts Division of the ZTBL and to gain the experience regarding the overall operations and procedures of the bank, in order to complete the BBA (Hons) degree as well. The purpose of the internship program is to develop and strengthen the studen t’s educational and career preparation, which they gain from university. Another important aspect of the internship program is that internee is placed to various departments of the organization through job rotation. It provides a glance of each department, as the period is too short for learning in detail. Other objectives of the study are as follows: ?To gather relevant information then interpret and analyze it in a useful manner. ? ? ? ? To highlight the facilities and products offered by the ZTBL to its customers. Internship can develop good work habits and to reduce student dropouts. To develop, enhance and strengthen the communication skills. To observe and participate in a professional work situation which represents an area of career interest. 2 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? To develop an understanding of the organization, its mission, objectives and management phi losophy.To acquire good work habits and gain an awareness of the community’s vast resources. To be responsible and work toward specific achievable goals. To analyze the bank through different analysis such as Ratio & SWOT analysis. ? ? ? 1. 3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of the conducting this study is given as under; It is a compulsory requirement for the award of Bachelor’s Degree in ? Business Administration from the Kohat University of Science & Technology. ? This report is concerned with the performance, functions and objectives of the â€Å"Finance & Accounts Division of the ZTBL† Head Office Islamabad. ZTBL. ? It can provide help to the management of the ZTBL in identifying their Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. ? It can also provide assistance for the students in seeking annual reports for the purpose to calculate and interpret financial ratios, in order to check the liquidity, leverage and profitability of the ZTBL. ? Further more, stud ents are able to analyze the human resources & analyze the marketing of products and services schemes that the ZTBL provide his customers. It will help the students in making assignments and writing reports on the 1. 4.IMPORTANCE OF STUDY Banks play a central and very important role in the economic life of a country, that’s why they are considered as the lifeblood of modern economy. Today no one can deny the importance of banking in the economy. They facilitate and expedite 3 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report trade and commerce and provide a variety of services that one can’t imagine without banks. I have chosen the ZTBL for my internship because it has a large network of zonal offices and branches.But besides this, the ZTBL plays an important role in the economic development and growth of Pakistan. 1. 5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY During the internship at the ZTBL Head Office Islamabad, the most important task was to collect as much as information on the bank in order to have a full productive report. For the collection of information and data, I used two methods for collecting data for the preparation of internship report such as primary and secondary collection methods, which is given as under; 1. 5. 1. Primary Data Collections: In primary data collection method, I interviewed different officers for this purpose.The interviews were not of formal nature but it went along with time and the questions arose with identification of problems. I prepared many questions and discuses with Bank officers asked all the detailed function and procedures of there departments. All officers fully cooperated with me and provided all the necessary information which was required to me. The interviews have been taken from the bank officers and also the discussion was conducted with the heads of different departments. For collecting primary data, I use my own observation an d discuss my problems with previous internees. 1. 5. 2.Secondary Data Collection: The data that are previously collected and assembled for the some projects other than the one at hand. It is also called as historical data. This method can almost always be gathered faster ant at a lower cost than primary data. The secondary data is collected from following sources; ? ? ? ? Annual Reports & Accounts manual. ZTBL web site & Internet. Brochures. Pamphlets. 4 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? ? ? Newspapers. Business journals. Books. 1. 6. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYThere are some limitations which, I had to face as an internee during the Internship program in the ZTBL Head Office Islamabad, which are described as under; ? ? Time was too short to visit all division and departments of the organization. The problem of loud shedding makes delay in preparing this internship report of the ZTBL. ? All staff members avoided to give every information. However, they kept most of the data secrets. So, it was very difficult to collect the relevant information. ? The vice presidents, executives, managers and other staff members have their own matters of bank nd it was a great problem for me. ? Lack of co-operation by some employees because they were non-research oriented and also lack of accuracy of the relevant data. ? Instead of all these difficulties, I have completed this internship report on the Finance and Accounts Division of the ZTBL Head Office with full cooperation of few managers. 1. 7 SCHEME OF THE REPORT The internship report on the Finance & Accounts Division of the ZTBL is arranged in four sections and ten chapters. The report is arranged in the following sequence. SECTION-I This section has one chapter. Chapter 1: Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report This is an introdu ctory chapter which describes the introduction, background, purpose, scope, importance, research methodology, limitations and scheme of the report. SECTION-II This is lengthiest section of the report; it includes the review of the ZTBL. This section is comprised of eight chapters. Chapter 2: This chapter is about bank and banking, evaluation of banking, overview of banking in Pakistan and role of banks in the economic development of the Pakistan.Chapter 3: This chapter encompasses the introduction, history, mission, vision, objectives, restructuring plans, BOD, zonal offices & branches, ranking of staff members and subsidiary of the ZTBL. Chapter 4: This chapter briefly describes the products & services such as loans & schemes and the recovery procedure of the loan of the ZTBL. Chapter 5: This chapter is concerns with the introduction, objectives, functions, classification and hierarchy of the Finance and Accounts Division of the ZTBL. Chapter 6: This chapter describes the introduct ion, objectives, unctions and units of the Central Accounts Department of the ZTBL. Chapter 7: This chapter describes the introduction and units of the Head Office Accounts Department of the ZTBL. Chapter 8: This chapter is concerns with the introduction, objectives, functions and units of the Regulatory Reporting Department of the ZTBL. 6 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report Chapter 9: This chapter describes the introduction, objectives, functions and units of the Budget & Fund Reconciliation Department of the ZTBL.SECTION-III This section also has one chapters and it is about the various analyses of the ZTBL. Chapter 10: This chapter explains the SWOT analysis, ratio analysis, human resource analysis & marketing analysis of the ZTBL. SECTION-IV This section contains only one chapter. Chapter 11: This chapter explains findings, recommendations, personal experience, conclusions & annexur es of the ZTBL. 7 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO BANKING† 2. 1 MEANING & ORIGIN OF BANK Some authors are of opinion that the word bank is derived from the word â€Å"Banquet† which means a â€Å"Bench†. This is attributed to the fact that the Jewish transacted the business of money exchange on bench in market place. â€Å"A bank includes a body of person, who carry on the business of banking† or â€Å"a bank may be as an institution dealing mainly in money and credit. It accepts deposits from one class of people at a lower rate of interest and industry for meeting the requirements.This provides finance for successfully carrying on various stages of production as well as distribution. † Moreover, a bank can stimulate the habit of savings amount for the people and provide the security and interest they offer with these savin gs which are deposited by people are in a position to utilize the deposited amount more productively. In short, a bank can increase the transaction capacity of the customers by advancing loans when they require for additional funds to finance their expanded program of business transaction. 2. 2 EVOLUTION OF BANKING Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report According to the banking companies ordinance 1962 â€Å"banking is business that receive investment or lending of deposits of money from public and repayable on demand or otherwise and which draw able by cheque, draw orders or otherwise†. As regards the growth of modern commercial bank, it can be traced to as early as 600BC. The â€Å"An Outline of Money†, written by G. Crowther, has traced the history of modern English Commercial banking.According to him, the present day banker has three ancestors such as merchants, goldsmith s & money lenders; which are briefly explain as under; 2. 2. 1 The Merchants: The earliest stage in the growth of banking can be traced to the working of merchants. These merchants were traders in commodities. The trading activities were carried on by them from one place to another. It was risky for the traders to carry metallic money with themselves for payment. The traders with high reputation began to issue receipts which were accepted as titles of money.These receipts or letters of transfer also called hundi in Indo Sub Continent were the first mode of payments. The merchant banking thus forms the earliest stage in the evolution of modern banking. 2. 2. 2 The Goldsmiths: The second stage in the growth of banking is normally traced to earlier goldsmiths. These goldsmiths also called Seths in India used to receive gold and silver for safe custody. The goldsmiths began to issue receipts for the metallic money (gold & silver) kept with them. These receipts with the passage of time b ecame payable to the bearer on demand.In this way the ‘goldsmiths’ note, become a medium of exchange and a mean of payment. The goldsmiths, thus, can rightly be termed as the fore-runners of the modern bank note. 2. 2. 3 The Money Lenders: The third stage in the development of banking arose when the goldsmiths became the money lenders. By experience the goldsmiths (who were called money lenders) came to know that they could keep a small proportion of the total deposits for meeting the demands of customers for cash and the rest they could easily lend. They allowed the depositors to draw over and above the money Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report actually standing to their credit. In Economic terminology, we can say that they allowed the overdraft facilities to their depositors. When every money lender and goldsmith issued receipts and most of them allowed the overdraft faci lities, there was too much confusion in the banking system. The money lenders and goldsmiths, in order to earn profits, could not keep adequate reserves for meeting the demands of the customers for cash.The failure on the part of the money lenders and goldsmiths to return money caused widespread distress among the people. In order to create confidence among the people, steps were taken to regulate the banking organization. A conference was held in Nuremburg in 1548. It was decided that a bank should be set up by the state which should streamline the banking organization and technique. The first central bank was formed in Geneva in 1578. Bank of England was established in 1694. The modern commercial banking system actually developed in the 19th century. 2. 3EVALUTION OF BANKING IN PAKISTAN At the time of independence the areas, which now constitute the Pakistan were producing only food grains and agricultural raw material. For Indo-Pak sub continent, there were practically no industr ies and whatever raw material was produced was being exported from the Pakistan. How ever commercial banking facilities were provided fairly well here. There were 487 offices of scheduled banks in the territories now constituting the Pakistan. As a new country without resources it was very difficult for the Pakistan to run its own banking system immediately.Therefore in accordance with the provision of Indian independence Act 1974, an expert committee was appointed to study the issue. On the recommendation of committee Reserve Bank of India continued to function in the Pakistan, till 30th September 1984, so that problem of time and demand, liability, coinage, currencies exchange etc be settled between India and Pakistan. It was decided that Pakistan will take over the management of public debt 10 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report nd exchange control from reserve Bank of India on 1st A pril 1948, and that India notice would continue to be legal tender to the Pakistan till 30th September 1948. Following the announcement of independence plan in June 1947, the Hindus residing in the territories now comprising Pakistan started transferring their assets to India. Moreover the banks including those having the registered offices in Pakistan transferred to India in order to bring a collapse of new state. By 30th June 1948, the number of offices of scheduled banks declined from 487 to only 195 in the Pakistan.There were 19 non-Indian foreign banks with the status of small branch offices, which were engaged solely in export of crops from the Pakistani institutions i. e. , Habib Bank and Australia Bank. The government promulgated the Banking Companies Ordinance 1947, to safeguard the interests of both banks and the customers. The Imperial Bank closed down most of its offices in Pakistan, which created serious problems. The Indian government withheld Pakistan’s share o f Rs. 75 corer in cash balance held by them at the time of partition.The urgency of assuming control of banking and currency was very badly felt now. The government of Pakistan decided to establish a full-fledge central Bank. Father of the Nation, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, inaugurated the State Bank of Pakistan on July 1948, after the State Bank of Pakistan order was promulgated on 12th May 1948. The SBP provided every help and encouragement to Habib Bank to expend its network of branches and formulated and developed NBP in 1949 as an agent bank, which took over the agency functions in 1952 from Imperial Bank of India.In order to develop sound banking and weeding out week institutes, the Banking Companies Act was promulgated in 1949, empowering the SBP to control the operations of banking companies in Pakistan. In a very short period of time number of scheduled banks and other specialized credit institutions rose to thirty six. By June 1965, the numbers of branches of schedu led banks were 1591. Pakistani commercial banks were nationalized in 1974, but the process was reversed as nationalization proved to be defective. The ZTBL, MCB, 11 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ABL and UBL have been privatized and HBL is expected to be privatized within near future. The nationalization of Banks in Pakistan since 1st January 1947 has heralded a new era of development and progress. It has taken a complete banking system with effect form January 1981. The privatization process of state owned banks and enterprises started in 1991. 2. 3 CLASSIFICATION OF BANKS IN THE PAKISTAN The banks are classified according to their spheres of activities. The main types of banks are as under: 1.Central Bank: Every civilized country now has its own central bank. The primary function of the central bank is to regulate the flow of money and credit in order to promote efficiency, stabil ity and growth in the country. In Pakistan, the SBP is the country’s central bank. 2. Commercial Banks: These banks are engaged in performing the routine duties of banking business. They collect surplus money from the people. They make loans and advances in the form of overdrafts, cash credits, discounting bills of exchange. The commercial banks also manufacture credit money.They also provide agency services and general utility services. These banks are considered the lifeblood of the economic society. Some commercial banks are owned and controlled by the government which is called as public sector banks. For e. g. , NBP, HBL, UBL†¦etc while other commercial banks that are owned by corporations is called as private sectors banks. For e. g. , MCB, ABL, City Bank†¦etc. 3. Exchange Banks: As name signifies, these banks mainly deal with international trade. These banks take the responsibility of settlement of foreign exchange and arrange the foreign business.In Pakistan , all the nationalized commercial banks have been allowed to do the business of exchange banks. 4. Saving Banks: Saving banks are those banks which collect and keep the small savings of the public. They are called also thrift promoting institutions. The saving 12 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report banks invest the funds in the safest government securities. The Post offices and saving centers perform the business of saving banks in Pakistan. 5.Agriculture Banks: The agricultural banks (specialized banks) are set up to provide financial assistance to the agriculturists. The agriculture banks provide short term credit to the farmers for the purchase of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, fuel†¦. etc. They also make medium term advances for buying tractors and introducing modern techniques in farming. In Pakistan, the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan was set up in 1981 for meetin g the financial requirement of agriculture, the ADBP is incorporated as public limited company, according to the â€Å"Company Ordinance 1984† & is name was changed to the ZTBL in 2002.An agriculture bank is also called as domestic banks because these banks are registered and incorporated within the country. 6. Industrial Banks: The industrial banks mainly provide medium and long term credit to the industries. Since the industrial banks have long term deposits, they are in a position to permit long term investment in industries. In Pakistan, the Industrial Development Bank was set up in 1961. The other institutions engaged in providing financial assistance to industries are PICIC, NDFC†¦. etc. 2. 4 ROLE OF ZTBL IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE PAKISTANBanks play an important and active role in the economic development of a country. If the banking system in a country is effective, efficient and disciplined, it brings about a rapid growth in the various sectors of the ec onomy such as agriculture, industrial, and the SME sectors. If the banking system is unorganized and inefficient, it creates maladjustments and impediments in the process of development. In Pakistan, the banking system is very well organized. The SBP established on July 1st, 1948 stands at the apex and is responsible for the operation of the banking system in Pakistan.The other banks such as commercial, specialized or unspecialized banks which form the banking structure in the Pakistan are playing an active role in the 13 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report economic development of the country. The role of the ZTBL in order to achieve economic growth and development of the Pakistan is briefly explained as under: 1. Development of Agriculture & Industrial Sector. The ZTBL particularly in rural areas of Pakistan are now providing credit for the development of agriculture & industrial secto r.The provision of credit to agriculture & industrial sector has greatly helped in raising agricultural productivity and income of the farmers. This has led to increased demand for industrial goods and expansion of trade & industry. The use of bank drafts, cheque, bills of exchange, credit cards†¦. etc, has revolutionized both national and international trade. 2. Banks Promote Capital Formation. The ZTBL plays an important role in rising of the financial resources. They encourage savings by giving various types of incentives to the savers.They expand branches of the banks in the rural and urban areas and mobilize savings even at far of places. These savings are then made available to the businesses which make use of for productive purposes in the country. 3. Investment in new Enterprises. Businessmen normally hesitate to invest their money in risky enterprises. The ZTBL generally provide short, medium & long term loans to farmers to invest in new enterprises and adopt new metho ds of production. The provision of timely credit increases the productive capacity of the country. The organized banking system helps in directing physical resources into productive channels.It also keeps a balance between the availability and requirements of the capital in the country. 4. Balanced Development of different regions. The ZTBL plays an important role in achieving balanced development in different regions of the country. They help in transferring surplus capital from developed regions to the less developing regions. The trade industries etc of less developed regions are able 14 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report to get adequate capital for meeting their business needs.This in turn, increases investment, trade and production in the country. 5. Monetization of the Economy. The commercial banks by opening branches in the rural and backward areas are reducing the exchange of g oods through barter. The use of money has now greatly increased the volume of production of goods. The non monetized sector (barter economy) is now being converted into monetized sector with the help of commercial banks. 6. Implementation of Monetary Policy. The central bank of the country controls and regulates volume of credit through the active cooperation of the banking system in the country.It helps in bringing price stability and promotes economic growth within shortest possible period of time. The ZTBL under the supervision and guidance of the SBP help in implementing and achieving the objectives of the monetary policy which vary from time to time. 7. Financing Development Projects. The ZTBL provide short, medium & long term loans for financing of development projects both in private and public sectors. The ZTBL starts projects with the Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock (MINFAL) launched an integrated development program entitled â€Å"Crop Maximization Project† in 15 districts.The MINFAL will provide funds to the tune of Rs. 299. 833 millions to the ZTBL and thus help in accelerating the rate of economic development in the country. 8. Booting the Exports: In order to boosts the exports of the agriculture and industrial goods of the Pakistan, the banks have established export promotion cell for the information and guidance of the exporters. 9. Less Reliance on Foreign Capital: A planed banking system by launching a vigorous campaign of mobilizing idle saving in the country can meet the capital development requirements from within the country.The country will thus have to rely less on foreign capital for financing in the development projects. 15 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report CHAPTER 3 â€Å"INTRODUCTION TO ZTBL† 3. 0 INTRODUTION The Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited is the leading, premier and specialized financial institution geared t owards the development of agriculture, industrial and SME sector, by providing financial products, services and loans for their customers.The restructuring plan is being carried out with the aim to uplift the agriculture and rural sector by raising the productivity, streamlining the institutional credit and increasing income generating capacity of the farming community. The ZTBL was incorporated as the public limited company on 14th December, 2002 through repeal of the ADB Ordinance of 1961. The ZTBL provides financial and technological services to the agriculturalist at their doorstep for modernization of agriculture sector in Pakistan.The main purpose of the ZTBL is to provide sustainable rural finance and services particularly to small farmers and low-income households to strengthen the rural and agricultural 16 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report sector, mitigate poverty, capital ma rket and investment activities. The core values of the ZTBL is the professional integrety, teamwork, customer satisfaction and loyalty. The ZTBL has a one subsidiary which is known as the Kissan Support Services Limited. The bank can charge 9% interest.The auhorized capital of the ZTBL is Rs. 25,000,000,000. This amount is dividend into Rs. 2,500,000,000 ordinary shares & the price of each shares is ten rupees. The total number of shares of the ZTBL is Rs. 1,186,961,000 and paid up capital is Rs. 11,869,612,000 of the ZTBL. The ZTBL has one chairman, one president and ten directors. The tatal number of employees is 5,326, while 982 employees is provided by the KSSL. The ZTBL make investment in some listed companies such as Nestle Milkpak Limited, Uqab Breeding Farm Limited, Mubarik Dairies Limited & Dadabohy Agriculture Leasing Limited in order to generate profit. . 1 HISTORY OF ZTBL It was considered after independence of Pakistan that the existing institutional sources of credit, such as, taccavi and cooperatives, were insufficiently meeting the credit needs of farmers. Therefore the need for establishment of a third source of agricultural credit was essentially percolated so as to fulfil the credit requirements of farmers not only for production but even for the development purposes. Consequently, the ADFC was brought into existence in 1952 for the purpose of expanding financial facilities and promoting the development and modernization of agriculture in the Pakistan.Subsequently in 1957, the ABP was established that can provide both short term loan for production and long term loan for development. The ADFC & ABP were merged together as the ADPB in 18th February 1961. The ADPB is the main credit supplier to the agriculture sector in the country. According to the â€Å"Companies Ordinance 1984†, the ZTBL was incorporated as a the public limited company on 23th October, 2002. The ZTBL is governed by Memorandum and Article of Association and registered with the SECP under â€Å"Companies Ordinance 1984†.Consequently, on 18th November, 2002, all the assets, contracts, 17 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report liabilities, proceedings and undertakings of the ADBP were transferred and vested in the ZTBL on 14th December, 2002 by the Federal Government. 3. 2 CORPORATEAVISION To develop and operate the ZTBL as a commercially viable bank with focus on rural and agriculture finance and to serve the needs of community, by delivering financial products and services. farming 3. 3 CORPORATE MISSIONTo play an effective role in the promotion of economic growth, by enhancing the availability of credit to the agriculture sector, through reliable access to sustainable financing, special lending programs, technical assistance, products & services, and to promote career development opportunities for increasing professionalism, technical proficienc ies & trainings of employees. 3. 4 ? CORPORATE OBJECTIVES To assist rural community, particularly the small farmers, in raising their productivity and income levels through timely delivery of credit, advisory and ancillary services.To build the image of the ZTBL as a proactive, client friendly, financially & operationally sustainable with indigenous product deployment. ? ? To establish and provide backward and forward linkages to strengthen the agriculture and industrial sector. ? The ZTBL can engage in public and private, wholesale and retail partnership to deepen outreach and reduce operating cost. The ZTBL act as rural commercial bank to mobilize rural capital formation and to commercialize the agriculture sector by delivering the true value of credit to the client. ? 18 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report 3. 5 RESTRCTURING PLAN OF ZTBL The restructuring means activity involving expan sion or contraction of a organization’s operations or changes in its assets and financial structure. The restructuring plan of the ZTBL covering the following factors; 1. 2. 3. Governance: The ZTBL establish an environment that facilitates good governance and accountability. Systems: The ZTBL modernize operations through use of technology, networking and communication tools. Business Processes: The streamline products and delivery systems of the ZTBL are to educe transaction costs, simplify operations, and increase outreach. 4. 5. 6. Products and Services: The ZTBL introduce products and services that are financially and economically viable. Human Resource Development: The ZTBL can improve standards and skills of staff & management and strengthen training capacity. Information Technology: The ZTBL establish new hardware and software platform to support the MIS, accounting system including forensic accounting, and risk management functions. 3. 6 BOARD OF DIRECTORS The ZTBL has one chairman, one president and ten directors. The seven eetings of the board are held during each year. The main resposibility of the BOD is to establish and maintain a system of internal control, prepare and present the financial statements with aproved accounting standard and requirement of the ‘’Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962’’ and the â€Å"Companies Ordinance 1984†. The new corporate structure redefines the bank's status as the Public Limited Company registered under â€Å"Companies Ordinance 1984†, with an independent BOD which 19 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd.Chapter 1 Introduction to Report aims at ensuring good governance, autonomy, delivering high quality. The list of the BOD is given as under; â€Å"List of Board of Director† 3. 7 COMMIITTEES & ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE OF ZTBL The overall management, functions, meetings of the ZTBL is control by two com mittees known as â€Å"Board & Management Committees†. The sub-committees of these two committees is explain as under; 3. 7. 1 Board Committees 1. Audit Committee: This committee has one chairman, four members that are the directors of the ZTBL and one secretary from the Audit Department.The designation of secretary is the â€Å"Chief Internal Auditor† of Audit Department. 2. Human Resource Management (HRM) Committee: This committee has one chairman & president of the ZTBL, four members that are the directors of the ZTBL and one secretary from the HRM Department. The designation of secretary is the â€Å"Head† of the HRM Department. 3. Risk Management Committee: This committee has one chairman & three members that are the directors of the ZTBL. But one member designation is 20 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd.Chapter 1 Introduction to Report the risk manager. But in risk management committee, the company secretary act as member and secretary as well. 4. Information Technology(IT) Committee: This committee has one convener & two members that are the directors of the ZTBL. One member is from IT Department & his designation is the Chief information officer. While one secretary (Head) of IT Department. 3. 7. 2 Management Committees 1. Assets Liabilities Management Committees: This committee has one convener (CEO) & three members. The designation of the first member is the SEVP of Operation Department.The designation of the second member is the risk manger. But the third member (Chief Financial Officer) act as member and secretary as well. 2. Executive Coordination Committee: This committee has one convener (CEO), one secretary (Compliance Officer) & three members. The designation of the first member is the SEVP. The designation of the second member is the EVP. The designation of third member is the risk manger. 3. 7. 3 Organization Structure of ZTBL: The organizational structur e of the ZTBL is shown in below diagram; 21 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report 3. 8 ZONAL OFFICE AND BRANCHES In public sector, the ZTBL is largest financial development institution with a wide network of 25 zonal offices and 342 branches in the Pakistan. The network of the ZTBL Head Office is given as under; 3. 9 RANKING OF STAFF MEMBERS 22 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report The ranking of staff members in order of seniority in the ZTBL is given as under; 23 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report 3. 10 SUBSIDRAY The ZTBL has one subsidiary which is known as the â€Å"Kissan Support Services Limited†. It was incorporated as owned subsidiary of the ZTBL that function independently effective from 1st January 2006. The KSSL is a separate and distinct legal entity that is controlled by the ZTBL. The KSSL has an authorized capital of Rs. 100 million. Its aim is to provide a support to the management of the ZTBL such as to focus on core banking business and assign non-core activities.The KSSL operates under the Memorandum and Article of Association. The KSSL also provide support staff and services to the ZTBL in the following areas; I. The KSSL has recruited and developed support staff of following table categories in ZTBL, Head Office as will as in field offices; No. of Employees S. No. Category of Employees Provided By KSSL 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Darbans and Armed Guards Drivers Naib Qasids Mali / Beldars Typists, Assistants & Senior Assistants Security Supervisor Sweepers Players Others Total 526 291 54 25 41 03 07 20 15 982 ll.Besides manpower support a service, the KSSL has also provided following support services to the ZTBL; ? Provide mail management, repairing, maintenance & photographing services to ZTBL ? Recruitment and provision of staff ? Provides farms and the ZTBL Staff College. 24 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? Provide security services not only to the ZTBL Head Office but also to branches and zonal offices. CHAPTER 4 â€Å"PRODUCTS & SERVICES OF ZTBL† 4. 0 INTRODUCTIONThe ZTBL has provided many products and services for their customers. The product and services of the ZTBL can raise the living standard of rural areas and develop the agriculture sectors of a country as well. The Pakistan is an agriculture country and the products and services of the ZTBL plays very important role in increasing the GDP and accelerates economic growth. For this purpose, the ZTBL provides many facilities for their customers, such as provides schemes and loans, obviously help the customers to invest money in their businesses, to get maximum p rofit from it and to pay low interest rates. . 1 SCHEMES OF ZTBL The ZTBL provides various schemes for customers, in order to strengthen the rural and agricultural sector of econnomy, mitigate poverty and accelarte groth. The Schemes of the ZTBL is which is briefly explains as under ; 4. 1. 1 Sairab Pakistan Scheme: The ZTBL can raise the irrigated area for the purpose to accelerate rate economic growth and to facilitate the farmers. The ZTBL has assigned the collaboration agreement with the KSB Pumps Company Limited under the Sairab Pakistani Scheme.The ZTBL will provide loans to the farmers for installation of tube wells and turbines whereas KSB Pumps Company Limited will provide quality pumps, turbines, equipments to borrowers for efficient pumping of waters. The water can plays vital role to improve per acre yield. Out of total 31 million hectors area of the Pakistan, 22 million hectors is cultivated while 9 million 25 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Scienc e & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report hectors is not cultivated & waste mainly due to non-availability of water.More over increase in water supply being a key input is required to raise cropping intensity and hence the income of the farmer. Since inception the ZTBL financed over 143000 tube wells amounting to Rs. 15 billion. The KSB Pumps Company will provide quality machinery and equipment for efficient pumping of water. The company shall also provide after sale service including replacement of parts and availability of spares through its network of dealers despite technological advancements and rapid growth of industrial sector, agriculture is still the back bone of the Pakistan's economy.It contributes 22% towards the GDP and employs nearly 45% of country's labor force. It provides raw material for preparation of industrial products. So it has both pulled & pushes effect on the economy. 4. 1. 2 Supervised Agriculture Credit Scheme: Under this s cheme agriculture loans are given for short, medium and long term loans up to Rs. 1 million per borrower. The loans are sanctioned for fats, livestock, orchard, tractor, agricultural machinery, tube well and irrigation facilities.Under the scheme besides provision of credit, information is to the farmers for planning the farm, production, guidance for implementation of the scheme, marketing and repayment of loans. 4. 1. 3 White Revolution Scheme: In order to modernize the dairy farming for increasing milk supply, mitigate poverty in Pakistan, and improving the living standards of the rural areas in Pakistan for the purpose to achieve growth and development in agriculture sector of Pakistan, the ZTBL may start the â€Å"Strategic Partnership† agreement with the Pakistan Development Diary Company (PDDC) and the Nestle Pakistan Limited (NPL) under the white revolution scheme.Under this participatory approach, the diary sector would be modernized with a view to increase milk supp ly, mitigate poverty and improve the living standard of the rural population. The ZTBL has earmarked funds to the tune of Rs. 5000 millions for financing of 50,000 animals (buffaloes and imported cows) during the five years period 2007 to 2011. The 26 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report PDDC will also help the ZTBL in the selection of clients and processing of loan cases.Initially the schemes will be for modernization of 5000 farmers during 5 years period involving Rs. 700 million. Under the scheme 1000 farms would be covered on yearly basis. The modernization of dairy farm will be carried out through financing milk cooling tank, generator, voltage stabilizer, hot water geezer, water pump, cooling pad and other dairy equipment. There would be maximum limit of loan of Rs. 1 million per borrower party. The PDDC would bear the entire amount of mark-up charged in the loan cases & provided t he 50% of principal part of loan is repaid in time by the borrower.The remaining 50% amount of principal along with the amount of mark-up would be paid by the PDDC. The Nestle Pakistan Limited would help to select and identify good clients for the ZTBL to improve quality breed of foreign and local dairy animals. The NPL can provide technical guidance to the farmers through nestle veterinary doctors. The NPL would purchase milk through its network and make weekly payments of milk sale to the ZTBL for the adjustment of loan. 4. 1. 4 Micro Credit Scheme: This Scheme has been launched since 15th July, 2000 for the uplift of rural poor.The landless poor such as; tillers, harries and small land owners having land not exceeding 2 acres may avail loan under Micro Credit Scheme. It is operational in all branches of the ZTBL through all the Mobile Credit Officers. Both, men and women may obtain loans under the scheme as an individual or as a member of group of 5-10 members. The minimum credit limit is Rs. 5,000 while maximum credit limit is Rs. 25,000. One hundred and thirty six income generating activities or cottage industry items have been identified for lending under the scheme.The loan may be advanced against one surety with 50% solvency of the assessed value of property owned by the guarantor or security of tangible property. Being small loans involving high cost 18% per annum mark-up is charged, whereas 2% rebate is given on timely repayment. All loans under these Schemes are recoverable within 18 months after disbursement of loan. 27 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report 4. 1. 5 Zarkhaiz Scheme (One Window Operation): For timely and conveniently rovision of credit to purchase inputs, loans is provided to the borrowers under this scheme being conducted twice a week during Rabi & Kharif seasons. All the related departments such as revenue, agriculture, post office†¦. etc. attend the focal points which are established at convenient places. The farmers get their pass books prepared and loan applications processed on the same day whereas sanction payments are made within three days at branch. For Rabi crops, one window operation from October to January and for Kharif crops from April to September each year which is extendable as per requirement of particular area. 4. . 6 Sada Bahar Scheme: For providing timely input loans for crops and working capital for poultry and fishery etc, the ZTBL has launched a Sada Bahar Scheme. This scheme is also known as â€Å"Revolving Finance Scheme†. The assessment for inputs requirements for the whole year is made at the time of first application. The amount so assessed is treated as revolving limit provided it is within the security limit. The managers are authorized to sanction such loan limits up to Rs. 5 Lake. The salient features of the scheme are given as under: 1. 2. 3. 4. Revolving Credit Limit is fixed to cater production credit and ancillary equirements of the farmers during one year period. The borrowers can draw the credit in lump sum or in installments according to his requirement. The borrowers can repay in lump sum or in installments during the year when his cash position allows him. The Pass Book containing transactions in his account is supplied to every borrower free of cost. 4. 1. 7 Tea Financing Scheme: In order to increase the tea cultivation in Mansehra, Swat, Mutta and Dir in Malakand Division, the tea financing scheme has been introduced which would not only save the hard earned foreign exchange but would 8 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report also help to improve the socio-economic condition and living standard of the inhabitants of the area. The salient features of the scheme are given as under: 1. 2. The maximum credit ceiling of Rs. 60,000 per acre has been fi xed. All the farmers owing land up to five acres are eligible to avail loans. 3. The amount of credit will be given in three installments; the first year installment is Rs. 30,000, second year installment is Rs. 5,000 and installment is year Rs. 15,000. 4. The credit would be repayable within 11 years with 6 years grace period with prescribed markup of 9% per annum. third 4. 2 LOANS OF ZTBL The ZTBL provides loans for the development and growth of rural areas and uplift of farm activities. The loans of ZTBL are briefly explained as under; 4. 2. 1 Production Loans: These loans are given to farmers for seed, fertilizer, pesticides, labor charges†¦etc. to grow crops and vegetables including working capital for poultry, dairy, orchard and fishery and are recoverable within one and half year.The amount of disbursement of production loan, at the end of December 31, is 50,222 million for overall four provinces. The example of production loans items are given as under; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 . 7. Seeds, fertilizers and fuel Pesticides, insecticides and herbicides manual sprayers Poultry feed, chicks and medicines Hire charges of farm power Water charges and electric charges for tube well Production loan for growth of mushroom Hired labor, water rates & fuel wood for tobacco curing 29 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report . 2. 2 Development Loans: The loans for purchase of items like farm machinery, tractors, irrigation, land development, orchard, green houses, dairy, poultry, fishery, livestock, farming†¦.. etc are recoverable up to one to eight years. The amount of disbursement of development loan is 5,690 million at the end of 2007, for overall four provinces. However, the provinces wise disbursement of loans & its percentages at end of 31st December, 2007 is given as under; S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Provinces Panjab Sindh NWFP Balochistan Disbursement of Loans ( Rupees) 44,3 27,000,000 7,384,000,000 3,802,000,000 99,000,000 age 79. 50% 13. 20 6. 80 0. 20 Moreover, the term wise disbursement of loans of bank is on short, medium and long term basis. I. The short term loans are also called production loans having maturity period is one year. These loans are given to farmers for seed, fertilizer, pesticides, labor charges†¦etc. to grow crops and vegetables. These loans are recoverable in lump sum commencing after the harvest or marketing of respective crops. II. Medium term loans are for development and advance purposes the examples of these loans are dairy farming and livestock.The installments of these loans are made on monthly, biannually and annually basis and the recovery or maturity period is 5 years. III. The long term loans are for tractor, agricultural machinery, poultry farming, and orchard. The installments of these loans are made on monthly, biannually and yearly basis and the maturity period is 8 years and above. â€Å"Summary of Term Wis e Disbursement of Loans† S. No. 1. 2. 3. Term wise Disbursement of Loans Short Term Loan (Production Loans) Medium Term Loan (Development Loans) Long Term Loan (Development Loans ) Maturity 2months 5 years 8 years %age 89. 80% 3. 40 6. 80 30 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report 4. 3 RECOVERY PROCEDURE OF LOAN The recovery procedure of the ZTBL loan is to carried and taken by three steps such as recovery schedule, issuance of notice and legal action which is briefly explain as under; 4. 3. 1 Recovery Schedule: The recovery schedule in each loan case as per terms of sanction of loan is fixed and communicated to the borrowers after disbursement of loan.In case of default or failure in repayment of any installment on due date the mark-up shall continue to be charged and last installment due to this may differ from the amount of installments fixed at the time of disbursement. 4. 3. 2 Is suance of Notice: The ZTBL can issue notice for recovery of loan which is known as â€Å"Demand Notice†. It is issued before the due date of every installment. A legal notice is issued one month after the due date informing the borrower that if the amount is not repaid within next one month, further legal action will be taken to recover the dues. 4. 3. Legal Action: The legal action can be initiated against the defaulter if loan is not repaid even after expiry of legal notice period. Where the court in bank's favor has decreed a case, account is to be settled by recovery of amount from the auction of the mortgaged property. The bank may purchase the mortgaged property if considered feasible to dispose it off later on through auction or in any manner deemed fit for getting the best price. The bank may dispose off the mortgaged properties of defaulters for satisfaction of its dues with out intervention of courts under â€Å"Financial Institutions Ordinance 2001†. 1 Insti tute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report CHAPTER 5 â€Å"FINANCE & ACCOUNTS DIVISION† 5. 0 INTRODUCTION OF THE FINANCE & ACCOUNTS DIVISION The Finance and Accounts Division of the ZTBL is responsible for handling the financial affairs and keeping the records of all the transactions, preparation of accounts, financial statements and budgets and to manage, distribute and reconcile funds of all zonal offices and branches of the ZTBL.Moreover this division acts as the backbone for the bank, in order to strengthen the rural and agricultural sector of Paksitan, to manage funds, mitigate poverty, capital market and investment activities. The main aim and responsibility of this division is to make policies, planning, mobilization and administration of the bank's financial resources such as products and services. This division provides schemes and loans for small and large farmers. By 32 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report etting loans and register with schemes, the farmers can invest money in their businesses and to get maximum profit from it and to pay low interest rates. This division manages the bank’s financial relations with the objectives of providing loans to borrowers. The ZTBL lends money to the individuals or corporations for consumption or investment and charge interest on the loans. But besides this, finance is the science that deals with the funds management such as saving and lending money while account is a record of financial transactions for an asset or individual.In other words, an account is an arrangement between a buyer and a seller in which payments are to be made in future. In short, this division can a gain a tremendous importance over the other division in the ZTBL, through its functions and truly be called as the backbone for the bank, in order t o manage funds, mitigate poverty and increase the living standard of people of rural ares. 5. 1 FUNNCTIONS OF FINANCE & ACCOUNTS DIVISION This division mainly deals with concept of time, money and risk and how they are interrelated. It also deals with how money is budgeted.However, finance works most basically through individuals and business organizations depositing money in a bank. The main functions of the FAD is given as under; ? To providing proactive financial policy, timely strategic financial planning and risk management. ? ? To managing the bank’s assets and liability portfolio. To prepare, prompt and accurate financial reporting and preparing audited financial statements for the bank's annual report. ? To overseeing internal controls in the processing of financial transactions accounts, budgets, and credit of the bank. To reconcile funds of all zonal offices and branches of the ZTBL. 33 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? To administer, monitor and control the bank’s loan and portfolios, including management and disbursement of loans. To manage the cash inflows and out flows. To maintain a books of accounts. To coordinate and facilitate a business planning, budgeting and to formulate the budgeting estimates of revenue and capital expenditure. To manage and rectify the accounts of zonal offices and braches.To consolidate all the financial statements of zonal offices and braches, in order to make financial decisions. To prepare quarterly, semiannually and annual financial statements and its agenda for presentation to the Audit Committee and the BOD & also to prepare annual capital adequacy ratio for certification by external auditors This division ensuring that all financial obligations are met and collections are made. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5. 2 CLASSIFICATION OF FINANCE & ACCOUNTS DIVISION In order to classify the finance and accounts division of ZTBL, there are four epartments, which plays very important role in financial affairs and keeping the records of all the transaction, preparation of accounts, financial statements, budgets and to manage, distribute and to reconcile funds of all zonal offices and branches of the ZTBL Heads Office. The four departments & their sub unit of the FAD are given as under; 1. Central Accounts Department (CAD) ? Policy Unit ? Accounts Unit ? Tax Unit 34 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? Fixed Asset Unit (FAU) ?Pre-payment Verification Unit (PVU) 2. Head Office Accounts Department (HOAD) ? Payroll Unit ? Fund Unit ? Payment unit ? Intra Branch Transaction (Reconcilitation) Unit (IBTU) 3. Regulatory Reporting Department (RRD) ? Regulatory & Internal Reporting Unit (RIRU) ? Financial management Information Unit (FMISU) 4. Budget & Fund Reconciliation Department (BFRD) ? Budget Planning Unit ? B udget Analysis Unit ? Treasury Unit ? Fund Reconciliation Unit (FRU) 5. 3 HIERARCHY OF FINANCE & ACCOUNTS DIVISION 35 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report CHAPTER 6 â€Å"CENTARL ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT† 6. 0 INTRODUCTION OF CAD The CAD is abbreviated to Central Accounts Department. There are many accounting policies & procedures used in the CAD, In order to present the true financial position of he bank in financial statements, the accountants formulate the 36 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report accounting policies & procedures. This department maintains the actual or real accounts of the ZTBL.In this department, I was attached actually to maintain the real accounts which are assets and liabilities. They are responsible for both kinds of assets fixed and liquid assets and to maintain the depreciation accounts for all those assets acquired by the bank. In this department the balance sheet and profit and loss account is also prepared for financial year, to get the image in sense of profitability or loss and to make financial decisions. 6. 1 ? OBJECTIVES OF CAD Formulation & maintenance of the accounting policies & procedures with applicable accounting standards which ensure dissemination & implementation across the bank. Preparation of financial statements as per requirement of statue and to ensure the proper accounting of assets, liabilities, owner’s equity, income, revenues and expenses. 6. 2 ? FUNCTIONS OF CAD To issue the instructions relating to accounting policies & procedures and allocation of specimen signature numbers to the authorized signatories of the branches & maintenance of signature booklet. To notify the schedule of bank charges. To maintaining & updating of chart of accounts for recording of financial transactions. To prepare the periodic fina ncial statements of the bank & to deal with all related matters.To Issue the guidelines and instructions regarding periodicals closing of accounts and deductions of tax at source. ? ? ? ? 37 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? To deal with all corporate tax matter & liaison with tax department, tax advisors, consultants†¦. etc The compilation of fixed assets schedule of the Head Office departments & branches. Follow up and collection of fixed assets schedule along with supporting documents from the ZTBL Head Office departments, zonal offices & branches.To coordinate with internal & external auditors and the SBP inspection team and to arrange credit rating of the bank. To conduct prepayment verification of sanctions pertaining to the HOAD. To perform administrative functions for the department such as, sanction of leaves & approvals for tour programs & travel allowance ? ? ? ? ? 6 . 1. 3 6. 1. 3. 1 ? UNITS OF CENTRAL ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT Policy Unit: To device accounting procedure regarding accounting in the Head Office and branches & to circulate revision of mark-up or return rate for compliance by the branches.To deal with management latter & executive summary. To coordinate with external auditors & to arrange payments to external auditor’s bills. To arrange compliance of internal & external audit observation relating to the accounting matters of the ZTBL Head Office, zonal offices and branches. To coordinate with other departments in the Head Office on policy matters. To maintains personal files of the employees, deals with their leaves & other administrative matters, such as policy matters relating to the operation of accounts. ? ? ? ? ? 38 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? To update the specimen signatures booklet for use of authorized signatories i n the ZTBL Head Office, zonal offices & branches. To prepare bank charges schedule & there circulation among branches and submission to the SBP on half yearly basis. To allocate new GLH for accounting purpose and issue instructions those are relevant to the books of accounts. To provide guidelines to the zonal offices and branches regarding rectification, settlement of accounting errors, audit observation and adjustment of suspense account.To arrange & coordinate with credit rating of the bank & provide information regarding credit rating of the bank. ? ? ? ? 6. 1. 3. 2 ? Accounts Units: To coordinate with concerned departments of is division for timely production of statement of affairs. To arrange compilation and merger of statement of affairs and it is also provide to auditors for auditing purposes. TO compile balances under relevant group of heads from trial balances for preparation of financial statements. To prepare list of abnormal entries & balances for rectification.To deal with all matters rel

Lets Love Sport

Let’s love sport As we know playing sport is a good habit that most of the people love it. What is the meaning of the sport? The answer is clear; sport means the regular movement of the limbs of the body in a proper manner. Every day we can encounter with people who play sport but how many percent of those people know the real effect of doing exercise in their body? Absolutely many of them seem not to know the effects. Actually many people don’t realize the benefits and importance of sport. Sport especially your favorite sport gives lots of benefits.The most important benefits of doing exercise on person are physical and psychological effect in a positive way. One of the most well-known positive effects of physical exercise on person is preventing disease. First of all, playing sport increases the immense system of a person. To illustrate, doing exercise helps body to improve white cells and it can defend various kind of microbes. According to scientists’ researc hes, during playing sport body produces Endorphin which actually it pushes out the toxic materials and keeps the heat of the body in balance.The other advantage of playing sport on individual physics is having better body shape. Throughout history, people can’t give-up their interest in their body and also now many people love to have an attractive body shape and they do sport to be more fit. Naturally, by doing sport body automatically decrease amount of internal fat. Due to this fact, doing sport keeps our body in a good shape. Moreover, playing sports may increase the agility of the body. As an example, imagine that there is a car that hasn’t worked for many years.If you try to run the motor engine, it probably not work anymore since it has been rusted consequently the car engine may be broken down. People are similar to engines and motors. If they don’t do sport, they will be forced to rust, in other words, the body’s shape will decompose and the pers ons will lose their agility afterward they may encounter many problems during walking or running. In addition, playing sports balance person body’s blood pressure and also help to control blood cholesterol level.According to many researches which have been done by scientists, we can prove the importance of sport for our health because 70% middle aged people who didn’t do sport in their youth are now faced with the serious problems such as hypertension and they may have difficulty in blood circulation furthermore they become tired easily in early ages due to the lack of doing exercise. The other benefit of doing sport is psychological effect on individual as it increases mental strength. First of all, playing sport increases motivation of individuals positively.To illustrate this, doing sport effects on feeling of persons in a good way and of course they may feel reborn after finishing their exercise. By doing sport person ‘stress will decrease and it may affect h er/his job or university life positively. Furthermore, playing sport increase confidence of the person during working. A clear example is about me, sport changed my life positively and I can see good sides of life more than other sides. I started playing sport (KONG FU) when I was 5 years old.I saw my motivation for doing my home works was higher than my classmates. I had more confidence during exam because I learnt via sport how I can control my mental power to decrees my stress during exams and how can I cope with problems easily. I could pay more effort to do my assignments more than other students and also my competitive spirit was stronger than others because of playing sport. As a result, that’s why I can’t give-up playing sport and I am still with sport. Secondly, doing sport is a good key factor in successful behavior change.It teaches individuals to respect younger and older people. For example, persons who play martial arts such as JUDO or KARATE they can con trol their behavior in terrible condition, they don’t get angry easily and most of time they are smiling and they never fight in a normal life except for essential condition because first step of the playing such sports is to learn to be patient. It shows that having good behavior can also be helpful to have good lifestyle and also can be effective to the behavior of the whole family members and close friends.All in all, there are several advantages and benefits of playing sport within those one of them is physical and other is psychological benefit on individuals. As a result, all kind of sports are good if a person do it in a correct way. Having a regular physical exercise can ensure a healthy body which will lead to have a healthy life for individuals. And most famous and great persons encourage people to do sport. For example, ATATURK (the president of Turkey in 1923-1938) said that â€Å"healthy mind is in healthy body â€Å". That means we need to do sport, we have to play sport . let’s do sport and love it.

Media Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Media Campaign - Essay Example With the continuous technology advancements and subsequently altering as well as widening reach of mass media campaigns today, non-profit organisations have also taken a footstep ahead to use the communication tool for channelising their messages to the targeted audiences. In many instances, mass media campaigns have proved as beneficial in persuading the audiences to believe the message communicated and thereby alter their behaviours accordingly (Johnston, â€Å"Can Mass Media Change Behavior†). Contextually, there are various factors associated with a media campaign designed to promote a public service goal, which tend to impose significant influences in determining the success of the organisation in effectively conveying the intended message. Based on this particular learning, the discussion henceforth will focus on identifying, discussing and evaluating the influencing factors associated with a planned campaign intended towards the attainment of a public service goal of Co rporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) to â€Å"promote an educated and informed civil society through high-quality content and services delivered across multiple platforms† (CPB, â€Å"CPB's Goals and Objectives†). Thesis Statement The discussion will begin with a brief overview of the planned campaign moving forth towards the identification of the most important elements or factors associated with its overall designing, construction and execution. With this objective, the discussion will address the most pertinent factors associated with the planned campaign with adequate rationalisation on the basis of the role played by mass media. The potential disadvantages of using media campaigns, both from a generalised perspective and specific viewpoint in relation to the planned campaign will also be studied in the essay. Before concluding on the key specifications of the essay, moral and ethical considerations attached to the media campaign will also be elaborated in the d iscussion. Overview of the Media Campaign CPB is renowned internationally as a non-profit private organisation which was established in the year 1967 by Congress. Since then, it has been serving the worldwide communities with various services, rendering praiseworthy support to mitigate various issues. Stating precisely, the broadcasting organisation intends to ensure high-quality journalism and reporting transparency with the aim to aid contribution from the society in facilitating the overall growth of the economy and prosperity of the mankind. In its course of strategic executions, the organisation has been focusing on various objectives amongst which, one particular public service goal can be considered as quite crucial which focuses on the promotion of an educated, liberalised and adequately informed society based on multiple platforms for the applications of high-quality contents as well as services. The objectives determined by the organisation for the attainment of this parti cular goal further emphasises on satisfying the public needs for education and information, especially among the diversified cultural groups in particular, which can be attained

Advances in Biomedicine and the Possibility of the Manipulation of Assignment

Advances in Biomedicine and the Possibility of the Manipulation of Human Existence - Assignment Example Furthermore, this means that health-related matters are routinely objectified as technical problems to be solved through the application of technology and the conduct of science and are therefore decontextualized into practice (Lock & Nguyen 2). It is apparent that the innovations in biomedical technology bring forth benefits that could aid in the improvement of the health and the life of human beings; however, it is a fact that human existence and life itself is threatened by the increased risk and probability of technological intervention and manipulation. Others may term it as the science of â€Å"playing god†. This paper deems to explore the implications of Biomedical Technology as guided by the work of Ray Kurzweil entitled, The Singularity is near: when Humans Transcend Biology and the Message of Pope John Paul II to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences on Evolution highlighting that Truth Cannot Contradict Truth. The Singularity is near in the lieu of the Message to the P ontifical Academy of Sciences Evolution has been an interesting subject matter in the field of science particularly Biomedical Technology. Kurzweil envisioned in his work entitled, The Singularity is near: when Humans Transcend Biology, a new evolutionary process that aims to integrate man and machine (1-652). It is highlighted that the knowledge and skills entrenched in our brains will be merged with the immeasurably superior capacity, speed and knowledge-sharing capability of human innovations (Kurzweil 1-652). The age of the Internet was also predicted in the aforementioned work; he even mentioned that technological innovations have emerged at accelerating rates in recent years, while information technology capabilities such as cost performance, speed, capacity and bandwidth grow at exponential rates faster than the forecast of Moore’s Law (Kurzweil 1-652). It is obvious that one of the principal goals of brain science is to produce an artificial brain. This was very contr oversial for many groups advocating human ethics. The author of this paper believes that such innovation could lead to tremendous and a variety of debates. It may be deemed that this is such advancement on the part of science but nonetheless, the values imbibed in the nature of human beings must be taken into consideration. It is necessary for people to give due respect to what the Divine Providence has created and provided. As what Pope John Paul II stressed in his message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences on evolution that truth cannot contradict truth (Pope John Paul II). Conversely, it was mentioned by Pope John Paul II that the reflection on science of the third millennium commenced with the identification of the principal problems brought about by science and which affect humanity’s future though the solutions to such predicaments were also pointed out which will be beneficial to the whole human community in the aspects of life and health (Pope John Paul II). For ex ample, in the book entitled, Stem Cell Wars: inside stories from the Frontlines written by Herold and Daley (1-256) which tackled fascinating stories of stem cell research and its benefits on mankind. It divulged how stem cell research had benefited humans in terms of developing cures to certain diseases such as muscular dystrophy (Herold and Daley 1-256). In another book entitled, The Language of Life: DNA and the Revolution in Personalized Medicine written by Collins (1-368) that explores the possibility of completing the interpretation of the

Unemployment in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Unemployment in Canada - Essay Example The Interwar period is being understood in the Western culture to be the period between the end of the World War I and the beginning of the World War II in Europe, specifically it was from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939. Since it was the most serious crisis in the Canada's history, thus this paper will examine the reasons which cause such horrible outcome, criticize the present situation and have a better understanding in unemployment for prevention.After the elaboration of the unemployment issue, one could say that such horrible events shouldn't happen in the future as one learns from previous evidence.During the interwar period, highest unemployment rate in Canada reached roughly around twenty-five percent. Yet, that is not suggesting one to ignore the issues but rather focus on the better understanding of the past thus encourages others to raise more possible solutions to improve our society. Perhaps the Interwar period unemployment could not be treated as current events due to the unexpected crisis; still such unexpected crisis is seldom happening. Hence, prevention and preparation of possible crisis is often necessary.During the first years of World War I unemployment was high during 1914-1915 wherein many Canadians enlisted in the army to avoid the bleak effects of families suffering through hardships of lack of employment; but, by 1916 the "booming wartime industrial and agricultural economies combined to provide Canadians with other options and employers competed with recruiting officers for Canada's available manpower. The returning soldiers not only came back to few jobs in 1918, but, also returned to Canada with them a new disease which killed as many people as it did during the war. As Canada moved from wartime to peacetime and soldiers vying for jobs, another crisis emerged which was termed "One Big Union" that was formed in 1919. This concept was that all workers should be organized inside one large union entity. This focus on union organization was the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 wherein striking workers, many of them returning soldiers that would find very few opportunities but yet many companies would experience surging profits from wartime contracts. This lack of employment found in the aftermath of World War I would find many of the returning soldiers and the public in general in an imbalance of power in favour of the elite and wealthy individuals who would profit immensely from the war effort, but, would find themselves in the middle of a power struggle between truth and fiction. As society fought for their rights of fair employment standards, the period that would be considered by many as the fall of the powerful few of their day, would find the country suffering even more hardships as they entered the Great Depression. Great Depression among North America Perhaps the hardest hit economy in western culture was Canada's. The Canadian economy would find that they were not only the hardest hit, but, also the slowest to recover which did not occur until the beginning of the Second World War. Unlike the United States, the boom period between 1900 and 1929 found Canada as the world's fastest growing economy with only a brief and sharp recession occurring at the end of World War I. The economy would also find an increase occurring in housing starts until May, 1929. Through the collapse of commodity prices in the United States in October, 1929 and the massive stock crash of Black Tuesday and as both the United States and Canada share economic links through gold standards, the collapse of the United States economy affected Canada as well. The prairie provinces were not the only affected areas of Canada, as both Ontario and Quebec would now face immense problems in the manufacturing district as massive lay-offs would occur and over production by industrial companies would collapse into bankruptcy. Although this collapse

Final review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final review - Assignment Example In a situation whereby a third quality land is cultivated, the rent commences on the second land quality with an immediate effect. However, the rent can be regulated by the difference in their productive powers as the rent of the first quality land increases since it must always be slightly above the second class. Naturally, the aspect of rising rents would directly take more of the national income (page 91) The paper also reflects on the T. Malthus` objections to Ricardo`s attack on the Corn Laws 1895 and how he responded to these objections in his principle of political economy and taxation. In addition to that, it also discusses how his response strengthened his conclusions about the Corn Laws in 1985. Malthus was a personal friend to Ricardo as well as his opponent on the matters to do with rent whereby Ricardo went on to write a letter to Malthus suggesting that every person to retain his own opinion without terminating the friendship (page 92). According to Ricardo, he referred to the economic rent as a surplus of the personal paper profit over the social gain whereby its value is in control over the resources instead of being directly to the resources. Moreover, there is no representation of gain but a transfer of wealth that was unearned. On the other hand, Malthus objected this opinion by stating that a material gain is stated when the rent is re-invested though the gain is in excess of the social unity. According to John Stuart Mill, the nature of the laws that regulates how we produce products is different from the laws that regulate how we distribute the fruits of that production. Therefore, details on specific examples from the 19th century English labor movement of how the laws of distribution were undergoing change, is also provided in this paper. The existing differences between the laws of regulation in production and distribution come in to nature because both of them undergoes through different processes. However, countries that export produc ts on a large quantity ought to trade perfectly well on a special way, without restrictions for them to gain great advantages. In the context of the quote from Marx`s capital, an explanation of how labor is so important to Marx`s understanding of human self-realization has also been reflected upon. Moreover, a discussion of the role of history among the German philosophical ideas in shaping the Marks idea of human-self realization through labor has also been reflected upon in the discussion. According to Mark, alienation reaches at the peak when labor changes to become wage labor. Out of labor, capitalists are able to higher workers so as to convert the capital goods to final goods. Labor enables the workers to obtain wages that re later used to sustain their families. The more the workers are specialized in their specific areas of labor provision the more alienated they become in reference to the production of products. The employees tend to become more dependent on the production of products as well as the employee when they have set their goals. However the presence of Marx`s differences between the value of labor power also emerged. A provision of detailed explanation on the origin of profits according to Marx is also in this paper. The explanation begins with a discussion of how value is transformed in the production process including the relationship that has been discussed by Marx in the quote. Moreover, it is explained in to details as to why the

Global Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Business - Assignment Example It is of high importance to mention that the better levels of technology powered connectivity are resulting in the successful diffusion of various global trends, which emerges from various markets around the world. Because of faster evolution of the globalized trends, it can be said that the consumers are getting more and more aware of their needs and wants. It also has to be said that the better connectivity is helping the rapid dispersion of global trends from the well established markets to the emerging markets, thereby creating the opportunity for development of consumer demands. This entire cycle of increasing in consumer demand is having a direct impact on the part of the consumers in a circular manner. Faced by growing domestic demands in the marketplace, multiple companies located in various markets around the world are increasingly trying their level best to enter the new markets as they promote significant amount of business opportunity. It is important to state that becaus e of the entrance of companies in new markets, two major changes are getting initiated which are highly interrelated to each other. The first change is that the entrance of new companies is triggering the level of market competition. The second change is that because of the increase in market competition, a major shift of power balances is happening in the markets from the sellers to the buyers. The shift is more happening because of the large number of alternatives that are being currently made available in the market. It is important to mention that apart from raising the competition and influencing the power balance in the markets, the entrance of new companies is also magnifying the challenges and advantages existing in the business environment. For this particular assignment, the focus is on developing a strategic plan for a global business which will be based outside the United States. Designing a global business organization The concept of a global business organization denot es the simple fact that the product or service offered by the company is accepted and is in high demand in multiple markets around the world (Adekola and Sergi, 2012, p. 59). However, in today’s world, in order to cater to the differing tastes of the consumers present in various international markets, the global organization all over the world are stressing on customizing their products and services to a certain extent. The global business organization that is being conceived here will be based in India. The global company of Indian origin will be focusing on providing technological services to the customers located in various international markets. In a more specific manner, it needs to be stated that the Indian global company will be designing mobile applications for the customers located in the global markets Key characteristics of an effective global business A global business has several important characteristics. The first one is the fact that the products and services of a global business can be distributed in various international markets while making small market specific modifications. The second characteristic of

Self Portrait analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self Portrait analysis - Essay Example Exactly sparkles in my eyes make my smile sincere that can be seen in the photo. I have chosen this picture not by chance as at this moment I am associating myself with this image. Not knowing myself, I would say about a woman from the photo that she cannot hide her emotions and she is not shy of expressing them to the full. It is written on a face and can be understood from a pose which is free and relaxed. Such a description is leading to a conclusion of sociability which is helping at work bringing relief to the patients. My easy-goingness is also expressed in a choice of casual cloths that additionally means that I have such a preference due to the rhythm of my life, always active and vivid. I do enjoy this state because I need to move ahead and this is exactly what I am doing. Life is full of surprises and only my attitude is able to paint them into positive or negative emotions, and I use different vectors learning from both. Not by chance there is a shadow on this picture as it characterizes a part of my life when I was in a shadow and had to learn how to bring light relying on my inner sources. Sure, my daughters are the main characters for my inspiration and a constant wish to move on that is why I keep on studying to obtain my BSN in Nursing. I need it to touch lives of more people and to provide my daughters and myself with more opportunities to investigate the world and ourselves. Im making steps towards success and i feel how it starts moving towards me to teach my girls that the world is always answering when you asking for something and then act. My 2014 Dodge Journey is proving this theory because I have just bought it several months ago and it was one of the aims that I have acheived. Its color represents style and some male strength which can be assocciated with my personality combined with female nature making me being me. The background of the photo can be explained

Law and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Law and Ethics - Essay Example em came into existence; however, due to objections raised by certain citizens, the courts gave their verdict against these religious practices and forbade schools to continue with daily prayers. It is difficult to agree with the statement in the sense that religion is everyone’s personal belief and schools should not foster any particular religious idea among students particularly when the US constitution has granted a full freedom of faith to all its citizens. This simply means that separating church from the school education was indeed a necessity to secure a freedom of expression of the people as their fundamental right as provided in the US constitution. At least until 1962, the regular school prayers were common but while delivering its judgment in the case of Engel versus Vitale, the Supreme Court called it unconstitutional. The Supreme Court took its view citing the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment and declared that the reciting prayer in the school is an unconstitutional act. The Establishment Clause ensures that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". The makers of the constitution had introduced the First Amendment, especially to prevent majority thrusting their opinions on others and the school prayers tended to do so. The Supreme Court further added that neither the nondenominational character nor the voluntary nature of school prayers can protect the schools from violating the Establishment clause. Through the case of Murray versus Curlett, the Supreme Court put an end to the prayer recitation practices in the public schools. The Fourteenth Amendment ensures that no state can ever make or enforce any law that results into taking away the privileges and rights given to all Americans. In the landmark decision, the Supreme Court declared that prayer recitation practices were in direct violation of the fundamental rights – "the freedom of religion† provided in the

INFO101 assigment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

INFO101 assigment - Assignment Example The content of these reports may vary depending on the situations and the needs of the manager requesting the report. Third and last, is exception report. Exception reports are those that deal with data outside ranges considered normal. They exhibit statistics of data beyond the normal range. The report consolidates the unusual conditions such as cost overruns or production down time and reports them differently. Timely reporting of unusual cases enables appropriate action to be taken by the management. Different types of reports cover different issues. Moreover, various circumstances in the business demand appropriate actions, which vary from one scenario to another. As such, it is important to distinguish between the three basic MIS reports so that each can be tailored to the informational need of its users. Clear distinction between the reports also enables the management to take timely actions on issues that require urgent attention. Summary reports are used when managers require quick overview of information on particular area. On the other hand, detailed reports are used for specific activities so as to gage their performances while exception reports are sued to report unusual occurrences in an organization, which need urgent solutions. Decision Support System (DSS) has three fundamental components. These include: data, models as well as user interface. Data is basically the information that is required for decision making. Data is usually kept in a database. Models refer to the models that are utilized in data analysis and the forecasting of outcomes of any particular decision. It also includes software that helps in managing models in DSS. User interface refers to the manner in which the users can use the DSS to facilitate their decision making processes, even if they are not technology experts. In most scenarios, a

Green Mountain Coffee Essay Example for Free

Green Mountain Coffee Essay Green Mountain Coffee Roasters (GMCR) started as a small cafà © in Waitsfield, Vermont in the year of 1981. It was in 1993 that the company went public and acquired the early phase of Keurig Incorporated Inc, and then completed the acquisition in 2006. (Unknown.( 2004). Gmcr.Retrieved from http://www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html) Once these two companies combined it made the way we drink beverages different than ever before in both the home and office. According to GMCR’s website â€Å"Today, GMCR is recognized as a leader in specialty coffee and coffee makers, and acknowledged for its award-winning coffees, innovative brewing technology, and environmentally and socially responsible business practices. † ((Unknown.( 2004). Gmcr.Retrieved from http://www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html) GMCR has three business units that they operate with today. The first being specialty coffee which includes Green Mountain Coffee, Tully’s Coffee, Diedrich Coffee, and Coffee People. The 2nd unit is the Keurig business unit, which created the signal cup brewing system. The 3rd and final is the GMCR Canada. The GMCR Canada is owns all sales for the company and includes the Van Houtte business as well as Timothy’s World Coffee brand. ((Unknown.( 2004). Gmcr.Retrieved from http://www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html) The current CEO is Brian Kelley who joined GMCR in 2012. Before GMCR Brian Kelley was Coca-Cola’s Chief Product Supply Officer , and president and CEO of SIRVA, Inc. ((Unknown.( 2004). Gmcr.Retrieved from http://www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html) as well as other companies such as Ford Motor Company, GE, and Proctor and Gamble. In 2011 net sales were 2,650.9 million which was up 95% over fiscal 2010. (http://investor.gmcr.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448) The acquisition of Van Houtte which took place in December, 2010 in addition to the partnership with Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts with the K-cups option of their coffee has helped add over 321.4 million to the net sales in 2011. (http://investor.gmce.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448) GMCR has seen accelerated growth over the last couple of years due to its Keurig single cup brewing system and the K-cups that go along with it. Below is the breakout for the 2011 Fiscal Financial Review provided by (http://investor.gmcr.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448). 2011 2010 $ Increase SWOT ANALYSIS StrengthsWeakness S1-Strong reputation with its customersW1- Keurig single-cup brewers all made by one manufacture S2-AcquisitionsW2-Large % sales from one area of the business (K-cups brewers) S3-Marketing W3-Forecasting due to such overnight success OpportunitiesThreats O1- Increase marketing to the age group of 40 and older T1- Risk of patents expiring allowing other competitors into the market O2-Increase marketing in the Supermarket locationsT2- Keurig single-cup brewers all made by one manufacture O3- Introduce other manufacturesT3-Product recalls product liability T4- Coffee availability ANALYSIS VIA PORTER’S FIVE FORCES MODEL The threat of new entrantsThe bargaining power of buyersThe bargaining power of suppliers The competition of this type of product service because of cost overhead would need to come from an already known company or a company that becomes successful after the patients expire that GMCR hold. Strong threatOver time as patients expire buyers will have bargaining power. ThreatGMCR has one manufacuting for the K-cups and brewing systems which resides in China. Weakness The threat of substitute product and servicesThe intensity of rivalry among competitors in an industry The threat of substitution is high. ThreatAlthough there are other companies that try to offer the same service, GMCR is at the top of the coffee industry for this type of service. Strength STRATEGY USED GMCR is using a differentiation strategy by offering a different way for the consumer to enjoy specialized coffees, teas, hot chocolate, and other hot beverages in their own homes, workplaces, and hotels at an overall lower cost than coffee houses. They are able to do this by taking the lead in the market due to their strengths in product development, licensing agreements with partners, and on-going successful acquisitions. GMCR growth through their acquisition strategy and their licensing agreements have been the biggest contributors to their growth. In 1998 when Keurig launched its first single- cup brewer for the office environment GMCR was there to partner with. (Dess,G, Lumpkin, G. Eisner, A.(2012). Strategic Management (6e). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.) From that point on it just continued whether it be the agreement with Starbucks in 2011 or the agreement with Dunkin Donuts in that same year to sell K-cup’s with both Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts coffee they continue to thrive in the market. If we look at Porter’s generic strategies that our text talks of we can identify the following. †¢Differentiation – The product and service that GMCR brings to the market is the best value for price and quality. †¢Focus strategy The acquisitions and licensing agreements that GMCR has been able to focus on continues to allow success to the buyer markets and geographic markets. †¢Overall cost leadership – GMCR is able to keep cost low because of the amount of product they supply to the customer without much competition. THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FACING THIS COMPANY I think for now GMCR will continue to have competitive advantage. GMCR should be able to accomplish this by continuing to offer their K-cups and brewing systems at the same competitive price to the same type of customer. Although patents are ready to expire and more of the product and service will be able to join the market, I feel that GMCR with their past record of new product innovation will continue to strive in the coffee market and lead the way for competitors to follow. COURSE OF ACTION RECOMMENDED It seems to be that because of the success of Keurig K-cups that GMCR has put all their eggs in one basket without much focus on the rest of their products. We can see this in both the 2010 and 2011 earnings (http://investor.gmcr.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448). With patents becoming expired in the near future by recommendation would be that GMCR starts to focus on the other products that they sell or that they start to work on the next great product for the coffee industry. My fear is once patents expire that you may see some of the larger distributers try to come into the Market and possible succeed if there able to produce the same product at a lower cost. OPINION My opinion of the case study is first I had no idea that GMCR was such a large company. I don’t drink coffee but am a tea drinker and I guess I just didn’t pay much attention to the marketing and advertising . I’m sure they would like to hear this feedback, it may give them a clue as to where the marketing needs to go during the next phase. With that being said this company to me shows the true meaning of great business leadership and a successful supply chain and focus strategy. During the research I even found a joint venture with 3M the company I work with. It seems that 3M helped GMCR develop a coffee filter. This was a very enjoyable case study and it showed a great example of how to be successful in my opinion. References Dess, G., Lumpkin, G. Eisner, A. (2012). Strategic Management (6e). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Green mountain coffee roasters, inc.. (09/1). Retrieved from http://investor.gmcr.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448 Unknown. (2004). Gmcr. Retrieved from http://www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html

Reproductive Health Bill Essay Example for Free

Reproductive Health Bill Essay The Reproductive Health Bill was first proposed in 1998 by Edcel Lagman of Albay. The said bill aims to improve and promote all methods of family planning, both natural and modern, to help our country’s dilemma regarding the continued growth of our population. The RH Bill gives information to family planning. It will improve maternal, infant and child health and nutrition. It promotes breast feeding. Then abortion will remain illegal and it is punishable by law but post-abortion complications will be given medical aid. It also contains prevention of reproductive tract infections like HIV/AIDS, STD, etc; treatment of breast and reproductive tract cancers, and prevention and treatment of infertility. It has elimination of violence against women and also education of sexuality and reproductive health. It includes male involvement and participation in the reproductive health and lastly education of reproductive health for the youth. For several reasons this bill has been an issue in our country for years. It has its pros and cons. Some say it is advantageous because it will really help in the country’s problem, the never ending growth of population that eventually leads to the country’s unchanging state of poverty. Some say it is a no no because of its very ill effects, immorality and sinful act. While, others have no idea what it is nor have any concern about what is happening around them which is really unfortunate. So the researchers thought of conducting a research concerning the thoughts and opinions of the youth about this bill. The youth’s perceptions are important, so are their awareness. Their awareness is a primary concern because they are the future generation. They should be aware of the things going around their environment in order for them to help and participate in developing the country’s economy into a better one. Their views and points may help the society after all.